236stress_intonation

October,2013Lecture6Chapter2Stress&Intonation2.3.6Suprasegmentalfeatures:stress&IntonationSoundcontraststhatextendoverseveralsegments(phonemes),andsuchcontrastsarecalledsuprasegmentals.Suprasegmentalfeatures:syllable,stress,tone,intonationStressDefinition:Whenawordhasmorethanonesyllable,oneofthemwillbepronouncedwithmoreprominencethanothers.Thisbringsustoanotherspeechsoundphenomenon,thatofstress.StressSomepoints:1Stressmaybeafixedfeatureofaword,andessentiallypartofitsform.2ItseemstobaageneraltendencyinEnglishtomarkthedifferencebetweennounsandverbsinthisway:Nounshavefirstsyllablestress,verbssecond.Stress3Stressistheintensityorprominencegiventoasyllable.Thisprominenceisconsideredtobacausedbyaditionalbreathforceormuscularaction,orlength,orachangeinpitch.Stress4.Abasicdistinctionismadebetweenstressedandunstressedsyllables,theformerbeingmoreprominentthanthelaterusuallyduetoanincreaseinloudness,lengthorpitch.5.Classificationofstress:wordstress&sentencestressWordstressWhatiswordstress?P43Primarystressormainstress&secondarystressP44SentencestressStressreferstothedegreeofforceusedinproducingasyllable.Itmayalsohaveafunctionatthesentencelevel:Sentencestressisoftenusedtoexpresswhichpartofthesentenceisinfocus,orwhichwordshouldreceivespecialemphasis.IntonationDefinitionofIntonationSpeechsoundswhichareidenticalastotheirplaceormannerfeaturesmaydifferinlength,pitchorloudness.Whenspeaking,peoplegenerallyraiseandlowerthepitchoftheirvoice.Thisphenomenoniscalledintonation.IntonationIntonationreferstotheriseandfallofthepitchvoiceinspokenlanguage.1SystemofIntonation2StructureofIntonation3Typesofnucleartone4FunctionsofintonationSystemofIntonationAsfarasintonationprocessingconcerns,thereareinturnthreesetsofchoices.Theyare:(1)howtobreaktheutteranceupintochunks,(2)whatistobeaccented,and(3)whattonesaretobeused(Wells2006:6).Hallidayreferstothemastonality,tonicityandtone(i.e.threeTs).SystemofIntonationGenerallytonalitydecideshowmanypiecesofinformationinoneutterance;tonicitydecidesthefocusofinformation;andtonedecidestheconcretemeaningofinformationexceptthelexicalmeaningswhichisdecidedbywords.howthethreeTsworksinintonationsystemStructureofIntonationInatoneunit,therearewordswithdifferentsignificance.Speakersusuallywanttomakesomewordsstandoutasthefocusoftheinformationbyaddingaccentandpitchmovement.Eachtoneunitcontainsonepieceofinformation,namelyonefocusofinformation.ThenucleusisattachedtothefocusofinformationStructureofIntonationStressedsyllablesinthesewordsarethenucleusofthistoneunitandtheyareobligatory.Syllablesbeforeorafterthenucleusareoptionalandaretermedas“pre-head”,“head”and“tail”accordingtothetraditionalBritishapproach.Themostcommonpositionforthetonicornucleusisonthelastlexicalterm(i.e.contentwords)suchasnouns,verbs,adverbsofthetoneunit.StructureofIntonationAllthesyllablesthatfollowthenucleuscomposethetailofthetoneunitwhichiscomposedofanunspecifiednumberofstressedandunstressedsyllables(atleastofeither)StructureofIntonationTheheadextendsfromthefirstaccentedsyllableinthetoneunittothelastsyllablebeforethenucleus.Thefirstaccentedsyllableiscalledtheonset.Thepartbeforetheonset,isthepre-head.StructureofIntonationGiventheabove,thestructureofthetoneunitcanbesummarizedas:(Pre-head)(Head)Nucleus(Tail).Allthepossibletoneunitstructures:8PHNT,N,PN,NT,HNT,PNT,PHN,HN.StructureofIntonationExeciseA:A|dogisa|man’s|bestcompany.‖(PHNT)B:Yes,|itis.‖(N)(PN)A:Catsarealso|man’s|best|company.‖(NT)B:|Men|likeanimals.ButIhate|cats.‖(HNT)(PNT)A:They|behavemild.|Animalsare|men’sfriends.‖(PHN)(HN)StructureofIntonationTypesofnucleartone(1)LowFall(2)HighFall(3)LowRise(4)HighRise(5)Fall-Rise(6)Rise-Fall(7)Mid-levelFunctionsofintonation(1)Grammaticalfunction:Somesentencesareambiguouswhenwrittenandtheirambiguitycanonlyberemovedbyusingdifferencesoftonalityandtonicity.DifferentpitchpatternsortonesinEnglishcansignaldifferenttypesofsentences,ordifferentmeaningsofthesamewordgroup.Removalofambiguity下雨天留客天留我不留（1）下雨天，留客天，留我不留？（2）下雨天留客，天留，我不留。（3）下雨天留客，天留我不留？RemovalofambiguityMysisterwholivesinEndinburghhasjusthadtwins.(a)My∨sister,|wholivesin/Endinburgh,|hasIjusthad/twins.(b)MyIsisterwholivesin/Endinburgh|hasIjusthad/twins.句(a):non-restrictiveattributeMyonlysister,whohappenstoliveinEnginburgh...句(b):restrictiveattributeIhaveseveralsisters.ThatonewholivesinEdinburghhasjusthadtwins.OnemoreexampleThosewhosoldquicklyImadeaprofit.ThosewhosoldIquicklymadeaprofit.SignaldifferenttypesofsentencesthedistinctionbetweenastatementandaquestionYoucanˋdoit.(statement)Youcanˊdoit.(question)Functionsofintonation(2)Attitudinalfunction:Intonationindicatesthespeaker'sattitude:friendly,polite,angry,excited,surprises,boredandsoonandsoforth.AttitudinalfunctionWasitthere?(a)Wasit/there?‖(verycalm)(b)Wasit/there?‖(insistent)(c)Wasit∧there?‖(quizzical,intolerant)(d)'WasVthere?‖(impatience)(e)/Wasitothere?‖(incredulityorreluctancetoacceptsth)(f)|Wasit/thcre?‖(genuinelyinterested)Functionsofintonation(3)theaccentualfunctionThatEnglishintonationhasa