中国的石油安全与中东五大产油国的石油政策

,,,,,,,,1963,,:;:650091,,,,,,;,,,1993,,2000,60%,,2020,690,90%1020,,(GGES),,,,,,,,,,85MEED,Vol.41,No.44,31Oct.1997,pp.1-2.A.Cordesman,TheMiddleEastandtheGeopoliticsofEnergy:aGraphicAnalysis,CSISReport,1999,p.10.R.N.Cooper,TheGulfBottleneck-MiddleEastStabilityandWorldOilSupply,HarvardInternationalReview,Summer1997,pp.21-23.20022,,(),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(),,,,,,,,,,,5,51.2617,25%,1,2000915,12.3%,80%,,19971140/20051370/20101410/20151620/20202000/,,,1973,,,,,,50,95EIA,InternationalEnergyOutlook,DOE/EIA,0484,April2000,p.175;EIAMonthlyEnergyReview,April2001,pp.130-131.C.J.Campbell,TheComingOilCrisis,Brentwood,1997,pp.69-76.ForeignAffairs,Mar/Apr.1996.J.Rynhold,ChinaCautiousNewPragmatismintheMiddleEast,Survival,Vol.38,No.3,Autumn1996,p.111.IEA,ChinasWorldwideQuestforEnergySecurity,OECD/IEA,2000,p.51.:C:(1),,;(2),;(3),,?,,21:(1),,,,,,(2),,,,,,,,,,,,,,;,,,,,,1986,,,1997,45,1,271997455,1998301,28%,21,,,,,90,,19989,,,,,,,,,06BPStatisticalReviewofWorldEnergy,1999.W.B.Quandt,SaudiArabiasOilPolicy,BrookingInstitution,1982,p.39.200222.897,8.6%2000377/,5.2%,100,812.3,15.3%,1974,600;80,,200;90350380,,,2005430/,2020550/,,,:(1),,1997,130,1998816000,,,(2),,90,,(3),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,8,,,,,,,EIFENI,,16G.Kemp,ThePersianGulfRemainstheStrategicPrize,Survival,Vol.40,No.4,Win.1998-99,p.138.:C3.1125,10.8%,,,2070300;90,,,,19872101990,215/,1991,28/,,,,2000262/,,,,,,,,,,,90,,,,,,,,,,,,4.,965,9.2%(),21520103202020520,,,,40%,,,,,,,,1998,64,199711840%,10.55/,26H.Franssen,USEnergyandForeignPolicy,MEES,12Nov.2001.BPStatisticalReviewofEnergy,Apr.2001pp.4-18.20022,,,1991,,,,,,,,,,,,5.72000,978,9.3%,1979180;1990,200,2000250,250/2020490/,:,,,(),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(:;:)A.Cordesman,GeopoliticsandEnergyinMiddleEast,CSISReport,1999,p.135.36:CIntrospectiononECOWASPeacekeepingMissiontoLiberiaLuoJianbopp.29-34AftertheColdWar,Africanawarenessandabilitiestosettleinternalconflictsontheirownhavestrengthened,whichcanbeseeninregionalorganizationsmaintainingregionalpeaceandstabilityactively.InWestAfrica,ECOWASpeacekeepingmissiontoLiberiaeffectivelyrestoredinternalpeacetothecountryandordertothewholeregion.However,thelong-drawn-outpeacekeepingmissionalsobroughtmanystickyproblemstothepeacekeepingforces.TheOriginandEarlyPracticeofPalestinianNationalismYangHui&MaXueqingpp.44-48PalestiniannationalismfirstoriginatedfromOsmanism,thendevelopedinthefertilesoiloftheArabnationalismandfinallyseparatedfromitsmatrixandhadastyleofitsown.Thevariousgroups,organizationsandpoliticalpartiesestablishedundertheguidanceofideologyofPalestiniannationalismhaveplayedanimportantroleinthestrugglesagainstBritishcolonialruleandZionism,buttheyfailedtorealizetheiridealgoalduetotheweaknessoftheirown.SeveralQuestionsaboutAfricanLawSystemAiZhouchangpp.54-57DisputesoverwhetherthereisanAfricanlawsystemornothavelastedformorethanacentury.Usingalargenumberofhistoricalfacts,thisarticleintendstoproveincontrovertiblythattheretrulyisanAfricanlawsystem,inwhichcommonlawsarethemajority,andtheenactedlawsminority.Intheenactedlaws,unwrittenlawsarethemajority,andwrittenlawsminority.LawsofAfricancountrieshavemuchincommonintheproprietaryrightsandinpayingmoreattentiontocollectiveinterestthanindividualone,whichfurtherdemonstratestheobjectiveexistenceofanAfricanlawsystem.Withrichhistoricaldata,thisarticlealsorefutestheargumentthatthereisnocommerciallawinAfrica.ChinasOilSafetyandtheOilPoliciesof5MainMid-EastOil-producingCountriesWuLeipp.58-63ThecoreofworldenergysafetyisoilproblemintheMiddleEast,soistoChina,whoseincreasingdependenceonoilimportsfromMiddleEasthasbroughtmultiplechallengestoitsoilstrategyinthatregion.Oilpoliciesvaryinmainoil-producingcountriesintheMiddleEast:moremoderateinSaudiArabia,KuwaitandtheUAE,butmoreradicalinIranandIraq.ThekeytoChinasoilstrategyintheMiddleEastistograspthetendencyofthemainoil-producingcountriesandpayattentiontotheprincipalcontradictions.(:;:)08(EnglishAbstracts)20021