英语三级语法点总结

Grammar虚拟语气一、虚拟语气的含义：用来表示说话人所说的话并不是事实，而是一种假设、愿望、怀疑或推测。例如：IfIhadtime,Iwouldcertainlygotothemoviewithyou.IwishIwereawhitecloud.二、虚拟语气通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示。例如Ifhewerehere,hewouldknowwhattodo.Ifyouhadcomealittleearlier,youwouldhavemether.Shesuggestedthatweshouldkeepemailingeachother.三、虚拟语气的用法虚拟语气用在非真实条件句中虚拟语气用在宾语从句中虚拟语气用在表语从句、同位语从句中虚拟语气用在主语从句中wish和asif/though后的虚拟语气。虚拟语气用于非真实条件句真实条件句VS非真实条件句试比较：Ifitrainstomorrow,we’llhavetostayathome.IfIwereyou,Iwouldaccepttheoffer.虚拟语气在非真实条件句中的假设通常有三种情况：①与过去事实相反②与现在事实相反③与将来事实可能相反。非真实条件句中谓语动词形式条件从句主句与现在事实相反Ifsb.+过去式（be的过去式是were）sb.+would(should,could,might)+动词原形与过去事实相反Ifsb.+haddonesb.+would(should,could,might)+havedone与将来事实可能相反Ifsb.+A.过去式B.weretodoC.should+动词原形sb.+would(should,could,might)+动词原形与现在事实相反（例句）IfI(be)richenough,I(travel)aroundtheworld.假如我很富有，我就会周游世界。(ThefactisthatIcan’ttravelaroundtheworldbecauseIdon’thaveenoughmoney.)IfI(have)acar,I(be)veryhappy.假如我有一辆汽车，我应该很高兴。IfI(be)abird,I(fly)freelyinthesky.假如我是一只鸟儿，我就会在空中自由飞翔。werewouldtravelhadshouldbewerecouldfly与过去事实相反（例句）IfI(know)hertelephonenumber,I(call)her.假如我当时知道她的电话号码，我就会给她打了电话。(ThefactisthatIdidn’tcallherbecauseIdidn’tknowhertelephonenumber.)Ifhe(get)upearlier,he(catch)thetrain.假如他早点起身的话，他本来能赶上那趟火车。hadknownwouldhavecalledhadgotcouldhavecaught与将来事实可能相反（例句）Ifshe(be)tomarryJack,she(be)happy.如果她嫁给杰克，她会幸福的。werewouldbe虚拟语气用于宾语从句表示“要求、建议、命令”等动词后面的宾语从句中的虚拟语气从句中用“should+动词原形”构成。而且should可以省去。用于此结构的动词常见的有：demand,order,request,require,insist,advise,suggest,propose,recommend,ask,decide,desire,prefer等。例如：Isuggestedthatthemeeting(should)beputoff.我建议会议延期举行。Thedoctororderedthatshe(should)stayinbedforafewdays.医生要她卧床休息几天。Theydemandedthattheirpay(should)beraised.他们要求增加工资。1.insist作“力言”、“强调”，suggest作“暗示”、“表明”等解时,宾语从句不用虚拟语气。例如：Thefarmerinsistedthathehadneverseenthecamel.Hispalefacesuggeststhatheisfrightened.友情提醒虚拟语气用于表语从句、同位语从句在suggestion，advice，proposal，order,decision,plan，idea，desire等需要有内涵的名词后面的表语从句、同位语从句中，要使用虚拟语气。其谓语动词用动词原形或should＋动词原形。例如：Mysuggestionisthatweshouldgothereatonce.WhatdoyouthinkofhisproposalthatweshouldputonaplayattheEnglishevening?AnorderhascomethatnolanguagebutGermanshouldbetaughtinthelocalschool.虚拟语气用于主语从句1.Itbe+形容词+that…(should)….用于该句型的形容词主要有：necessary,important,good,right,wrong,natural,proper,funny,strange,surprising等。necessaryimportantnaturalstrangeItisimportantthatweshouldmasteraforeignlanguage.It‘snecessarythatweshouldbansmokinginallpublicplaces.It‘snaturalthatsheshouldcomeandtakecareofheragedparents.2.Itbe+过去分词+that…（should）...用于该结构中的过去分词是表示“建议、请求、命令”等词的过去分词。如：desired，suggested,requested,ordered，required,proposed等。例如：asif/thoughasif/though引导的方式状语从句或表语从句，有时用虚拟语气。从句表示与现在事实相反，谓语动词用一般过去式；表示与过去事实相反，had+过去分词；表示将来事实相反，用would(might,could)+动词原形。例如：Hetalksasifheknewallaboutit.Youlookasifyouhadseenaghost.Itlooksasthoughitmightrain.在虚拟语气中，无论主句中动词是现在时还是过去时，只要asif/though从句所指的时间与其同时，都用过去式，若非同时而是较早，或表示已经持续了若干时间，则用过去完成式。例如：HeorderedmeaboutasthoughIwerehiswife.IwassohappythatIfeltasifIhadwingsandcouldfly.Helookedasifhehadn’thadadecentmealforamonth.完成时现在完成时，过去完成时，将来完成时，现在、过去完成进行时。现在完成进行时：Have/has+been+doingHehasbeensayingthatforyears.过去.完成进行时：HadbeendoingIhadbeenlookingforitfordaysbeforeIfoundit.定语从句限定性和非限定性限定性定从：限制性定语从句不能被省略，否则句意就不完整。Thisisthebook(whichyouwanted)Thedog（whichwaslost）hasbeenfound.Shewasnotonthetrain（whicharrivedjustnow.）辨析：HehasafriendwhoworksinBeijing.Hehasafriend,whoworksinBeijing.定语从句非限定性定从：非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不十分密切，只是对其作一些附加说明，不起限定制约作用。如果将非限制性定语从句省去，主句的意义仍然完整。Ourguide,(whowasaFrechman,)wasanexcellentcook.Wedon‘tliketheroom,（whichiscold）.定语从句非限定性定从引导词：关系代词：which,who,whose.关系副词：when,where1Manychildren,_______parentsareawayworkinginthebigcities,aretakengoodcareofinthevillage.2Itoldthemthereason,___________Ididn’tattendthemeeting.3WheneverImether,________wasfairlyoften,shegreetedmewithasweetsmile.4I’llgiveyoumyfriend’shomeaddress,________Icanbereached.whoseforwhichwhichwhere被动语态语态：主动和被动（Active&Passive)时间方式现在过去将来过去将来一般进行完成is/am/are(not)donewas/were(not)donewill(not)bedonewould(not)bedoneis/am/are(not)beingdonewas/were(not)beingdonehave/has(not)beendonehad(not)beendonewill(not)havebeendonewould(not))havebeendone分词做状语现在分词doing和过去分词done都可以做状表示时间，原因，结果，条件，让步，方式和伴随。现在分词doing做状语其动作可能发生在谓语动词之后或之前，也可能与谓语动词同时发生。时间：Walkinginthestreet,Isawhim.=WhenIwaswalkinginthestreet,IsawHim.条件：Workinghard,youwillgetsuccess.=Ifyouworkhard,youwillgetsuccess.现在分词做状语原因：Notknowinghisname,Ifoundithardtofindhim.结果：Hisuncledied,leavinghimalotofmoney.方式：Pleaseanswerthequestionusinganotherway.伴随：Theycameintoclassroom,talkingandlaughing.过去分词做状语过去分词done做状语其句子的主语与分词所表示的动作构成动宾关系，及分词是动作的承受者。1Greatlymovedbythefilm,theyallcried.2Surroundedbyalotofpeople,the.oldmanfeltunhappy.3Thetrainerappeared,followedbysixlittledogs.分词做后置定语分词分为现在分词doing和过去分词done.分词可以做后置定语放在所修饰的名词之后，但翻译的时候要把分词放在名词前面来翻译。Doyouknowthemansittinginthemiddleoftheroom?HaveyoureadanyshortstorieswrittenbyLuXun?分词做后置定语分词做后置定语时，看所修饰的名词和分词的关系来取决于用现在分词还是过去分词。Doyouknowtheman(sit)_______inthemiddleoftheroom?Haveyoureadanyshortstories(write)_________byLuXun?sittingwritten分词做后置定语