VOA建国史话文本(中英对照)031-040

VOA建建建国国国史史史话话话文文文本本本（（（中中中英英英对对对照照照）））目录31HowaDisputeHelpedLeadtoModernPartySystem··········132JohnAdamsIsElectedNation’sSecondPresident············733AdamsAvoidsWarWithFrance,SignsAlienandSeditionActs····1434JeffersonIsElectedPresidentin1800,ButOnlyonthe36thVote···2035Jefferson,atInaugural,UrgesUnityofHeartsandMinds·······2736JeffersonBeginsPresidencyWithaLoyalCabinet············3037JeffersonMovestoCutDebt,Spending···················3638JeffersonGetsLouisianaTerritoryFromFrance·············4239ASupremeCourtJusticeIsPutonTrialin1805·············4940TheTreasonTrialofAaronBurr,FormerVP···············56·i·31HowaDisputeHelpedLeadtoModernPartySystem第31集汉密尔顿的联邦党和杰斐逊的共和党WelcometoTHEMAKINGOFANATION–AmericanhistoryinVOASpecialEnglish.ThomasJeffersonandAlexanderHamiltonhadopposingideasabouthowthenewnationshouldbegoverned.Theirdisputehelpedcreatethesystemofpoliticalpar-tiesintheUnitedStates.Thisweekinourseries,MauriceJoyceandBlakeLanumhavemoreinourstoryofthesetwoearlyAmericanleaders.在上次的建国史话中，我们讲到，在美国第一届总统乔治·华盛顿任期里，美国的两大政党逐渐形成，分别由当时的财政部长亚历山大·汉密尔顿和当时的国务卿托马斯·杰斐逊领导。(MUSIC)VOICETWO:TheFederalistParty,ledbyTreasurySecretaryAlexanderHamilton,supportedastrongnationalgovernmentwithapowerfulpresidentandcourts.Federaliststhoughtmenofmoneyandpositionshouldrulethecountry.亚历山大·汉密尔顿领导的联邦党主张设置强大的联邦政府，总统和法院，他们认为，国家应该由有权有势者统治。Andtheydidintheearlyseventeennineties.FederalistscontrolledtheCongress.Theyalsohadgreatinfluenceoverthenation’sfirstpresident,GeorgeWashington.十八世纪九十年代早期，联邦党声势浩大，不仅控制着国会，就连第一届总统乔治·华盛顿也深受他们的影响。TheRepublicans,ledbySecretaryofStateThomasJefferson,didnotwantastrongnationalgovernmentwithunlimitedpowers.Andtheybelievedpoliticalpowershouldbespreadthroughoutthepopulation.与此同时，托马斯·杰斐逊领导的共和党则反对让一个强大的联邦政府享有无限的权力。他们认为，政治权力应该分配给民众。VOICEONE:Thetwosidescarriedonawarofwordsintheirpartynewspapers.HistoriansbelieveHamiltonhimselfwrotemuchofwhatappearedintheFederalistpaper.Jefferson,theybelieve,actedmostlyasanadvisertotheRepublicanpaper.双方利用各自的党报，展开了激烈论战。历史学家相信，联邦文集中的大部·1·分文章都是汉密尔顿本人撰写的，而杰斐逊却主要充当了共和党报纸的顾问。Bothpaperscarriedunsignedarticlesattackingtheopposition.Bothprintedstoriesthatwerefalse.Attimes,theattackswerepersonal.Manypeoplefelttwocabinetsecretariesshouldbeabovethatkindofpublicfighting.双方的报纸都刊登不署名文章，抨击对手，有时报导并不属实，甚至夹杂着人身攻击。很多人都觉得，这种公开冲突不符合两位内阁大员的身份。VOICETWO:TowardtheendofpresidentWashington’sfirstadministration,hereceivedalet-terfromJefferson.TheSecretaryofStatesaidheplannedtoresign.Hesaidhedisagreedwithmostoftheadministration’snationalandforeignpolicies.HedidnotnameHamilton.Itwasnotnecessary.Washingtonknewwhathemeant.ForHamiltonwasthechiefplannerofthosepolicies.第一届任期即将结束的时候，乔治·华盛顿总统收到了国务卿托马斯·杰斐逊的来信。杰斐逊在信中说，他对政府的大部分国内和外交政策无法苟同，因此打算辞职。他没有指名道姓，不过也没有这种必要，华盛顿明白他的意思，因为那些政策的主要制定者都是汉密尔顿。Thepresidenttriedtomakepeacebetweenthetwomen.Helikedthemandrespect-edthem.Hebelievedthenewnationneededtheskillsofbothmen.However,thedisputehadgonetoofar.Itwasnowmorethanjustaquestionoftwostrongmenwhocouldnotagree.Itwasabattleoftwocompletelydifferentphilosophiesofgovernment.乔治·华盛顿试图在汉密尔顿和杰斐逊之间进行调和。这两个人都是他非常欣赏和器重的人，他认为，这两个人都是国家栋梁。不过，汉密尔顿和杰斐逊之间的分歧已经超越了个人之间的矛盾，演变为两种截然不同的政治理念的撞击。VOICEONE:WashingtondidnotsucceedinmakingpeacebetweenJeffersonandHamilton.ButJeffersondecidednottoresign.Inalettertohisdaughter,Jeffersonsaid:theattacksonmehavechangedadecisionwhichIdidnotthinkcouldpossiblybechanged.Imustremainandfight.华盛顿虽然没能促成杰斐逊和汉密尔顿的和解，但是后来杰斐逊自己放弃了辞职的念头。他在给女儿的信中说，“对我的攻击让我改变了我原本以为无法改变的决定。我要留下来继续斗争。”·2·TheideaoforganizedpoliticalpartieswasnewintheUnitedStates.Therewerenolawssayingwhattheycouldorcouldnotdo.Therewerenorestrictionsonthepoliticalactivitiesofgovernmentofficials.So,whilecontinuingtoserveasSecre-taryofState,JeffersonbeganworkingtogethissupporterselectedtoCongress.HebelievedthatwastheonlywaytofightHamilton.Nationalelectionsweresetforseventeenninety-two.当时在美国，有组织的政党还是一个新鲜事物，没有规范政党行为的立法，政府官员的政治活动也不受任何限制。因此，杰斐逊在担任国务卿期间，积极帮助自己的支持者进入国会。他认为，这是跟汉密尔顿抗衡的唯一途径。美国大选定于1792年举行。VOICETWO:Therewasnodisputeaboutthehighestoffice.Inseventeenninety-two,everyonewantedGeorgeWashingtontobeelectedpresidentagain.However,manyRepubli-canssawnoreasontore-electJohnAdamsasvicepresident.Adamswasapatriotandhadservedhiscountrywell.Buthewasnotdemocratic.Hemadenosecretofhisopinionthatmenborntotheupperclassshouldrule.1792年的时候，总统人选没有任何争议，大家都希望乔治·华盛顿连任。然而，很多共和党人觉得，约翰·亚当斯不适合继续担任副总统的职务。亚当斯这个人很爱国，也为国家做了很多贡献，但是他不赞成民主，公开主张贵族统治。RepublicanshadanotherreasontocampaignagainsttheFederalists.Hamilton’sfinancialpoliciesmadeitpossibleforbankersandothermoneylenderstoinvestinallkindsofdeals.Onemandidthiswithinformationhegotasahigh-levelTreasuryDepartmentofficial.Hisinvestmentsturnedbadandhisbusinessfailed.Thiscausedotherbusinessestofail.TherewasafinancialcrashinNewYorkCity,thecenterofbusinessintheUnitedStates.共和党人参加竞选还有另外一个原因。根据汉密尔顿的金融政策，银行家和其他从事贷款的人都可以对任何买卖进行投资，财政部的一名高级官员按照自己掌握的信息投资，结果失败，不仅自己倒霉，还导致了其他企业的破产，使美国商业中心纽约的金融行业出现了崩溃。VOICEONE:TheFederalistswerestronginthenortheast.ButtheRepublicansweregainingstrengtheverywhereelse.TheelectionofRepublicanrepresentativestoCongressinseventeenninety-twowouldmakethemanimportant