【早期人类亲属关系：从性别到社会再生产】

EARLYHUMANKINSHIP9781405179010_1_pre.qxd12/3/089:49AMPageiEarlyHumanKinship:FromSextoSocialReproductionEditedbyNicholasJ.Allen,HilaryCallan,RobinDunbarandWendyJames©2008BlackwellPublishingLtd.ISBN:978-1-405-17901-0EARLYHUMANKINSHIPFromSextoSocialReproductionEditedbyNicholasJ.Allen,HilaryCallan,RobinDunbarandWendyJames9781405179010_1_pre.qxd12/3/089:49AMPageiii©2008byBlackwellPublishingLtdexceptforeditorialmaterialandorganization©2008byNicholasJ.Allen,HilaryCallan,RobinDunbarandWendyJamesBLACKWELLPUBLISHING350MainStreet,Malden,MA02148-5020,USA9600GarsingtonRoad,OxfordOX42DQ,UKTherightofNicholasJ.Allen,HilaryCallan,RobinDunbarandWendyJamestobeidentifiedastheauthorsoftheeditorialmaterialinthisworkhasbeenassertedinaccordancewiththeUKCopyright,Designs,andPatentsAct1988.Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise,exceptaspermittedbytheUKCopyright,Designs,andPatentsAct1988,withoutthepriorpermissionofthepublisher.Designationsusedbycompaniestodistinguishtheirproductsareoftenclaimedastrademarks.Allbrandnamesandproductnamesusedinthisbookaretradenames,servicemarks,trademarks,orregisteredtrademarksoftheirrespectiveowners.Thepublisherisnotassociatedwithanyproductorvendormentionedinthisbook.Thispublicationisdesignedtoprovideaccurateandauthoritativeinformationinregardtothesubjectmattercovered.Itissoldontheunderstandingthatthepublisherisnotengagedinrenderingprofessionalservices.Ifprofessionaladviceorotherexpertassistanceisrequired,theservicesofacompetentprofessionalshouldbesought.Firstpublished2008byBlackwellPublishingLtd12008LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataEarlyhumankinship:fromsextosocialreproduction/editedbyNicholasJ.Allen...[etal.].p.cm.Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.ISBN978-1-4051-7901-0(hardcover:alk.paper)1.Kinship.2.Prehistoricpeoples.3.Humanevolution.I.Allen,NicholasJ.GN487.E332008306.83—dc222007047246AcataloguerecordforthistitleisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.Setin10/12ptMeridienbyGraphicraftLimited,HongKongPrintedandboundinSingaporebyMarkonoPrintMediaPteLtdThepublisher’spolicyistousepermanentpaperfrommillsthatoperateasustainableforestrypolicy,andwhichhasbeenmanufacturedfrompulpprocessedusingacid-freeandelementarychlorine-freepractices.Furthermore,thepublisherensuresthatthetextpaperandcoverboardusedhavemetacceptableenvironmentalaccreditationstandards.ForfurtherinformationonBlackwellPublishing,visitourwebsiteat:49AMPageivGenerationsofaScottishfamily.Background:theDunbarfamily,Moray,c.1872–73(LawsonCollection,RoyalAnthropologicalInstitute)9781405179010_1_pre.qxd12/3/089:49AMPagevPublisher'sNote:Permissiontoreproducethisimageonlinewasnotgrantedbythecopyrightholder.Readersarekindlyrequestedtorefertotheprintedversionofthischapter.ContentsListofTablesixListofFiguresxListofIllustrationsxiiPrefacexivAcknowledgementsxviNotesonContributorsxviiINTRODUCTIONANDBACKGROUND1Why‘Kinship’?NewQuestionsonanOldTopic3WendyJamesABriefOverviewofHumanEvolution21JohnA.J.GowlettandRobinDunbarPARTIWhereandWhen:TheArchaeologicalEvidenceforEarlySocialLifeinAfrica251KinshipandMaterialCulture:ArchaeologicalImplicationsoftheHumanGlobalDiaspora27CliveGamble2DeepRootsofKin:DevelopingtheEvolutionaryPerspectivefromPrehistory41JohnA.J.GowlettPARTIIWomen,Children,Men–andthePuzzlesofComparativeSocialStructure593EarlyHumanKinshipWasMatrilineal61ChrisKnight9781405179010_1_pre.qxd12/3/089:50AMPageviiviiiContents4AlternatingBirthClasses:ANotefromEasternAfrica83WendyJames5TetradicTheoryandtheOriginofHumanKinshipSystems96NicholasJ.Allen6WhatCanEthnographyTellUsaboutHumanSocialEvolution?113RobertLaytonPARTIIIOtherPrimatesandtheBiologicalApproach1297KinshipinBiologicalPerspective131RobinDunbar8TheImportanceofKinshipinMonkeySociety151AmandaH.Korstjens9MeaningandRelevanceofKinshipinGreatApes160JuliaLehmann10GrandmotheringandFemaleCoalitions:ABasisforMatrilinealPriority?168KitOpieandCamillaPowerPARTIVReconstructions:EvidencefromCulturalPracticeandLanguage18711APhylogeneticApproachtotheHistoryofCulturalPractices189LauraFortunato12ReconstructingAncientKinshipinAfrica200ChristopherEhret13TheCo-evolutionofLanguageandKinship232AlanBarnardEPILOGUE245ReachingacrosstheGaps247HilaryCallanAppendicestoChapter12259Bibliography270Index3029781405179010_1_pre.qxd12/3/089:50AMPageviiiTables1.1Interactionsandnetworks321.2Communitysizepredictionsandlanguageoutcomes351.3Anembodiedclassificationofmaterialculture372.1Comparisonofconceptualframeworksinvolvedinhumanevolution422.2Thetime-span432.3Somemainattributesoftherecord452.4Majorrequirementsforsomesocialmodelsinhumanevolution535.1Symbolsforprimaryrelatives1006.1Patrilinealmoietiesandgenerationlevels11910.1EnergyrequirementsforH.erectusmothersbynumberofoffspringandinter-birthinterval17810.2Reproductivecostsandcooperationbetweenthesexesinrelationtolifehistoryindicators18112.1SelectedcasesofNilo-Saharankinshiporganization21312