环境管制与全要素生产率增长：APEC的实证研究

:APEC3:Malmquist2LuenbergerAPEC1719802004CO2,CO2CO2CO2,:,,APEC,;17,71;GDP:Malmquist2Luenberger3,,,:510632,:[e-mail];,,:6009,:[e-mail];,,:430072,:[e-mail](:70403006),,,,,(Xepapadeas,2005),,,1992522(),199264(),,2000199020076,191,199712,20082012,1990512%,200761741989(APEC),CO260%,APEC200798,,20,(Jaffeetal.,1995)9120085,,TornqvistFischer,(GoodOutput),(BadOutput),CO2(Fareetal1,2001a),,,,(Repettoetal.1997),,(HailuandVeeman,2000)Cavesetal.(1982a)Farrell(1957),,Malmquist,Fareetal.(1994)Cavesetal.,Malmquist,,(DistanceFunction)Malmquist,Chungetal.(1997)(DirectionalDistanceFunction),Malmquist2Luenberger,,MalmquistMalmquist,,Malmquist2LuenbergerPittman(1983),Cavesetal.(1982b),,Pittman(1983),,:(,HailuandVeeman,2001);(Chungetal.,1997;Fareetal.,2001a),Malmquist2Luenberger(Chungetal1,1997;Fareetal1,2001a;Lindmarketal.,2003;JeonandSickles,2004;Lindenberge,2004;DomazlickyandWeber,2004;YorukandZaim,2005;Kumar,2006)APEC(Chambersetal.,1996;ChangandLuh,1999;Fareetal.,2001b;Wu,2004;,2007)Chambersetal.(1996)ChangandLuh(1999)Fareetal.(2001b)Wu(2004)(2007)APEC,,Fareetal.(2001a)WeberDomazlicky(2001)DomazlickyWeber(2004),JeonSickles(2004),,JeonSickles(2004)02::APECRayandMukherjee(2007):(1),GDP;(2),;(3)(GDP)(),Tyteca(1996)Scheel(2001)Coellietal.(2005)(DesirableOutput),(UndesirableOutput):(1)Malmquist2Luenberger,CO2APEC1719802004(2):;;;,,,(TheEnvironmentalTechnology)Nx=(x1,,xN)R+NMy=(y1,,yM)R+M,Ib=(b1,,bI)R+IP(x):P(x)={(y,b)x(y,b)},xRN+(1),Fareetal.(2007),P(x),:1:(y,b)P(x)b=0,y=0(2)2:(y,b)P(x)01,(y,b)P(x)(3)(Null2jointnessAxiom)(ByproductsAxiom),,,,(WeakDisposabilityofOutputsAxiom),,,,,t=1,,T,k=1K(xk,t,yk,t,bk,t)(DEA):Pt(xt)={(yt,bt)Kk=1ztkytkmytkm,m=1,,M;Kk=1ztkbtki,i=1,,I;Kk=1ztkxtknxtkn,n=1,,N;ztk0,k=1,,K}(4)ztk,(4),,,,DEA:Kk=1btki0,i=1,,I(5a)Ii=1btki0,k=1,,K(5b)(5a),(5b)1220085,,(Fareetal.,1996)FareandPrimont(1995),,,11(),(),,(Shephard):Do(x,y,b;g)=sup{(y,b)+gP(x)}(6)g=(gy,gb),:1:g=(y,0),2:g=(y,0),3:g=(y,-b),,,,,DEA,:Dto(xt,k,yt,k,bt,k;yt,k,-bt,k)=Maxs.t.Kk=1ztkytkm(1+)ytkm,m=1,,M;(7)Kk=1ztkbtki=(1-)btki,i=1,,I;Kk=1ztkxtknxtkn,n=1,,N;ztk0,k=1,,K(7)3,12,,,,,21Malmquist2LuenbergerChungetal.(1997),Malmquist2Luenberger(ML)tt+1MLt+1t=[1+Dto(xt,yt,bt;gt)][1+Dto(xt+1,yt+1,bt+1;gt+1)][1+Dt+1o(xt,yt,bt;gt)][1+Dt+1o(xt+1,yt+1,bt+1;gt+1)]12(8)ML(EFFCH)(TECH):ML=EFFCHTECH(9)EFFCHt+1t=1+Dto(xt,yt,bt;gt)1+Dt+1o(xt+1,yt+1,bt+1;gt+1)(10)TECHt+1t=[1+Dt+1o(xt,yt,bt;gt)][1+Dto(xt,yt,bt;gt)][1+Dt+1o(xt+1,yt+1,bt+1;gt+1)][1+Dto(xt+1,yt+1,bt+1;gt+1)](11)ML,EFFCHTECH()(),(),(),,,22::APECChambersetal.(1996)Fareetal.(2005)Chungetal.(1997),:Do(x,y,b;g)=1PDo(x,y,b)-1Luenberger(1992,1995)(ShortageFunction),(,tt),(,tt+1),t+1,ML,DEA,,17APEC1980200411,APEC19802004,APEC17:Heston,SummersandAtenPWT612(1)2000,PWT612(2)CO280%,,CO2CO2Worldbank(2007)WDI,CO2(3)GDPGDP(4)(2007)1()(%,19802004)CO2(%)CO2(%)YLK19801991199220041980200419802004121891143146114611611766314125121214519241493174412436157341712154513412311411431181461212113711551074101414541764153211151193162125315199198:(1),,,(2)1=I;2=I;3=;4=3220085,7%4%,,OakRidgeDataset(http:PPcdiac.esd.ornl.govPfpPndp030P),WDI,3.664(OakRidgeDatasetCO2)WDI,20032004,(2007)DEAFareetal.(2001a)DEA(WindowDEA),,2000200019991998Fareetal.(2006)DEADEADEA,DEA:,;,DEA,(2007),DEADEA,11980,Spence(2007)11,,,CO2CO2,:19801991()19922004(),17:I()I,I()()1994,,APECICO2,CO287124%,CO2,8114%1,19922004,CO2,CO2,YorukandZaim(2005)OECD,21,GAMS22141,Malmquist2CO2,(GDP),CO2(JeonandSickles,2004)3ML,GDPCO2(JeonandSickles,2004),CO2219802004(PI,EC,TP)1980199119912004121(CO2),,APEC110044,0144%,0176%,I(0171%0191%-012%)I(0132%017%-0138%)112%,1117%,0103%-0111%,,19802004,53%(9P17)APEC(3106%)(1159%)(1112%),,Fareetal.(2001b),,19751996,APEC42::APEC(EnvironmentalProtectionAgency)CarlA.Pasurka,2005216,II,()Spence(2007):GDP7%,25APEC219802004()123PIECTPPIECTPPIECTP11100710199811009111010801996111014811009101996511012621100320199621100711003401996311007111004201998811005430199890199411100470199660199361100301999801997511002341101211000311011711017110017110152110131110013110118110044019967110076110055019962110093110056019981110075:,,,2(CO2),110055,1,JeonandSickles(2004),OECD,21,I,I,1,I(1108%1148%)I(0134%0171%),I,1,,19802004,71%(12P17)APEC(3105%)(2111%)(2105%),,,,(JeonandSickles,2004),,,CO2GDP,21:(CO23%):APEC,,CO2I,IICO2,GDPI,,,CO23%,GDP,,3MLCO2,1980-2004,110056,12,0176%I(0191%1126%)I(0142%0154%)APEC,71%(12P17)(2149%)(1156%)(1148%)II13,Kumar(2006)CO2,I(1126%)I(0154%)Kopp(1998),19701990CO2,522008531:CO2,CO2,,CO2,,12,,,,,,,1,59%(10P17)APEC,2,59%(10P17)APEC,3,59%(10P17)APEC,31,(Innovator),Fareetal.(2001b)Kumar(2006)TECHt+1t1Dto(xt+1,yt+1,bt+1;yt+1,-bt+1)0(12)Dt+1o(xt+1,yt+1,bt+1;yt+1,-bt+1)=03,,TECHt+1t1,,,t+1tGDPCO2,,tt+1t+1t(),tt+1t+1,t,,,tt+13,1,20,182,21,19153,191916,71,199719981(),20002001()Fareetal.(2001a),APEC,,,,62::APEC,,,,,:PI=+izi+u(13)PI(),zi(),i,u,,23(13),GDP(GDPPC),GDP(IND),(EIt21),2(LN(KPL)),(EPC),(OPEN)(UNFCCC)(1)GDP,GDPPWT612GDPWDI(WorldBank,2007)323t2Statt2Statt2Statt2Statc2105073131053601987731714225113131324157