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经济学人官方双语汇总(1~5月)科技向3D打印技术AdditivemanufacturingAprintedsmile3Dprintingiscomingofageasamanufacturingtechnique增材制造打印的笑容3D打印制造技术已渐成熟ASETofstraightandgleamingteethmakesforabeautifulsmile.Buthowmanypeoplewhohaveundergonealittledentalmaintenanceknowthattheymayhaveinsidetheirmouthssomeofthefirstproductsofanewindustrialrevolution?Tensofmillionsofdentalcrowns,bridgesandorthodonticbraceshavenowbeenproducedwiththehelpofadditivemanufacturing,popularlyknownas3Dprinting.Forgettheideaofhobbyistsprintingoffsmallplastictrinketsathome.Industrial3Dprinters,whichcancostupto$1m,arechangingmanufacturing.一口整齐而闪亮的牙齿会让您的笑容更加美丽。但又有多少做过牙科治疗的人知道,新工业革命带来的第一批产品就在自己口中呢?如今,数以千万计的牙冠、牙桥和牙箍都是依靠增材制造,也就是俗称的3D打印生产出来的。别再觉得它只是爱好者在家里打印几个小塑料玩意了。价格可高达百万美金的工业3D打印机正在改变着制造业。Thebusinessofdenturesshowshow.Forthemetalbitsinfalseteeth,dentistshavelongrelieduponaprocesscalled“investmentcasting”.Thisinvolvescreatinganindividualmodelofaperson’stooth,ofteninwax,enclosingitinaceramiccasing,meltingoutthewaxandthenpouringmoltenmetalintothecavityleftbehind.Whenthecastissplitopen,thenewmetaltoothisremoved.Itisfiddly,labour-intensiveandnotalwaysaccurate;thenagainthecastingmethodissome5,000yearsold.牙科行业就是一个明证。对于假牙中的金属件,牙医们长期以来都依靠一种名为“熔模铸造”的工艺。它要先做出患者的牙齿模型(一般是蜡制),封上陶瓷,再把蜡熔化后倒出,在其留下的空腔中注入熔融的金属。最后打开铸模,拿出新的金属牙齿。整个过程十分繁琐,相当辛苦而且并不总是很准确。再说,铸造法已经有5000年的历史了。ThingsaredonedifferentlyatanindustrialunitinMiskin,nearCardiff,setupbyRenishaw,aBritishengineeringcompany.Theplantisequippedwiththreeofthefirm’s3Dprinters;morewillbeaddedsoon.Eachmachineproducesabatchofmorethan200dentalcrownsandbridgesfromdigitalscansofpatients’teeth.Themachinesusealasertosteadilymeltsuccessivelayersofacobalt-chromealloypowderintotherequiredshapes.Theprocessisabitlikewatchingpaintdry—itcantakeeighttotenhours—buttheprintersrununattendedandmakeeachindividualtoothtoadesignthatisuniquetoeverypatient.Oncecomplete,thepartsareshippedtodentallaboratoriesalloverEuropewherecraftsmenaddalayerofporcelain.Someresearchersarenowworkingon3Dprintingtheporcelain,too.位于英国卡迪夫附近米斯金村(Miskin)的一家工厂则采取完全不同的做法。该工厂由英国工程公司雷尼绍(Renishaw)设立,配备了三台公司自产的3D打印机,很快还会再添数台。根据患者牙齿的数字扫描,每台机器一批可以生产200多个牙冠和牙桥。机器用激光将一层层钴铬合金粉末稳定地熔融成所需的形状。整个过程有点像坐等油漆干燥,可能需要8到10个小时——但打印机可以无人值守运行,按照每位患者独一无二的设计来制作牙齿。制作完成后,产品会被送往遍布欧洲的牙科实验室,手工加上瓷层。还有一些研究人员已经在研究3D打印陶瓷了。Say“ah”Themouthisnottheonlybodilytesting-groundfor3D-printedproducts.FiguresgleanedbyTimCaffreyofWohlersAssociates,anAmericanconsultancythattracksadditivemanufacturing,showthatmorethan60mcustom-shapedhearing-aidshellsandearmouldshavebeenmadewith3Dprinterssince2000.Hundredsofthousandsofpeoplehavebeenfittedwith3D-printedorthopaedicimplants,fromhip-replacementjointstotitaniumjawbones,aswellasvariousprosthetics.Anuntoldnumberhavebenefitedfrommoreaccuratesurgerycarriedoutusing3D-printedsurgicalguides;around100,000kneereplacementsarenowperformedthiswayeveryyear.说“啊”口腔并不是3D打印产品在身体上唯一的试验场。关注增材制造的美国咨询公司WholersAssociates收集的数据显示,2000年以来,利用3D打印机定制生产的助听器壳体和耳模已逾6000万件。从人工髋关节到钛颚骨再加上各种假肢,数十万患者已经安装了3D打印的骨科植入体。3D打印的手术导板让手术更为精确,造福无数患者。如今每年约有10万例膝关节置换手术是以这种方式进行的。Thatthehealth-careindustryhassoswiftlyadoptedadditivemanufacturingshouldbenosurprise.Peoplecomeinallshapesandsizes,sotheabilityofa3Dprintertooffercustomisedproductionisaboon.Themachinesrunoncomputer-aideddesign(CAD)software,whichinstructsaprintertobuildupobjectsfromsuccessivelayersofmaterial;amedicalscanineffectfunctionsasyourCADfile.Andsoftwareisfasterandcheapertochangethantoolsusedinatraditionalfactory,whichisdesignedtochurnoutidenticalproducts.医疗保健行业如此迅速地接受增材制造并不奇怪。人的身材尺寸各异,因而3D打印机定制化生产的能力是一个福音。计算机辅助设计(CAD)软件控制这些打印机,引导它们一层层地堆积材料来构建物体,医学扫描实际上就是你的CAD文件。传统工厂中的工具更适合批量生产一模一样的产品,而软件改动起来则更快速、更经济。Comparedwiththe$70billionmachine-toolmarket,additivemanufacturingisstilltiny.Butitisexpandingrapidly,andnotjustinhealthcare.Overall,Wohlersestimatesthat3D-printedproductsandservicesgrewby26%lastyear,tobeworthnearly$5.2billion.Thatisjustthetipofabiggermountaininthemaking.McKinsey,amanagementconsultancy,reckonsthatintermsofthingslikebetterproducts,lowerpricesandimprovedhealth,3Dprintingcouldhaveaneconomicimpactofupto$550billionayearby2025.和700亿美元的机床市场相比,增材制造仍然微小。但它扩张迅速,而且并不限于医疗保健行业。Wohlers估计,3D打印产品和服务在去年整体增长了26%,总价值近52亿美元。而这只是日渐庞大的冰山初露的一角。管理咨询公司麦肯锡估计,如果考虑到更好的产品、更低的价格和健康的改善,到2025年,3D打印的经济影响将达到每年5500亿美元。Onereasonwhy3Dprintersarebecomingmoremainstreamisthatthe“inks”theyusearegettingbetterthankstoadvancesinmaterialsscience,saysAndyMiddleton,theEuropeanheadofStratasys,anIsraeli-Americancompanythatmakes3Dprinters.OnemethodStratasysuses,calledPolyJet,issimilartoinkjetprinting:cartridgesdepositlayersofaliquidpolymerwhicharecuredwithultravioletlight.ThecompanyhasjustunveiledanewPolyJetmodelcalledtheJ750.Itusesmultiplecartridgestoprintitemsin360,000differentcoloursandanycombinationofsixdifferentmaterials,whichcanberigidorflexible,opaqueortransparent.3D打印机日益跻身主流的一大原因是,随着材料科学的进步,它们使用的“油墨”越来越好了,生产3D打印机的以色列-美国公司Stratasys的欧洲负责人安迪·米德尔顿(AndyMiddleton)表示。Stratasys公司使用的一种名为PolyJet的方法和喷墨打印类似:墨盒会逐层累积液体聚合物,并用紫外线灯使之硬化。该公司刚刚推出了一种新的PolyJet型号,称为J750。它使用多个墨盒,打印的色彩达36万种,并可将任意六种刚性或柔性,不透明或透明的材料组合起来。Themachineisinten
本文标题:经济学人官方双语汇总
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