《口译天下》(20100607)

JUANSHOUYU20100605111/41/20061220100605112/41JackyZf200424IriniEvermoreLemonGordoncaoyROY_HXtigerlemon(3)(15)(20)Theymightbegiants/irini(29)Whywemustdefendwriters/MargaretAtwood(31)(33)20105(37)LoveliestofTrees/A.E.(39)(40)11.2.3.4.5.6.7.21.2.3.31.2.3.20100605113/4120100605114/4120100605115/4120100605116/41iriniSouthSeaCompanyTheSouthSeaCompanywasaBritishjointstockcompanythattradedinSouthAmericaduringthe18thcentury.Foundedin1711,thecompanywasgrantedamonopolytotradeinSpain'sSouthAmericancoloniesaspartofatreatyduringtheWarofSpanishSuccession.Inreturn,thecompanyassumedthenationaldebtEnglandhadincurredduringthewar.Speculationinthecompany'sstockledtoagreateconomicbubbleknownastheSouthSeaBubblein1720,whichcausedfinancialruinformany.InspiteofthisitwasrestructuredandcontinuedtooperateformorethanacenturyaftertheBubble.1817111720TheWarofSpanishSuccession18NB17001701131713speculationexpectationknownasknownas20100605117/41FoundationThecompany,establishedin1711bytheLordTreasurer,RobertHarley,wasgrantedexclusivetradingrightsinSpanishSouthAmerica.Atthattime,whencontinentalAmericawasbeingexploredandsettled,EuropeansappliedthetermSouthSeasonlytoSouthAmericaandsurroundingwaters,nottoanyotherocean.ThetradingrightswerepresupposedonthesuccessfulconclusionoftheWaroftheSpanishSuccession,whichdidnotenduntil1713,andtheactualtreaty-grantedrightswerenotascomprehensiveasHarleyhadoriginallyhoped.1711.(RobertHarley)1713successfulconclusionexclusiveexclusivemonopolyexcludingothersfromparticipationexploresuccessfulconclusionconclusionsuccessfulfailedproposetradingrightsWaroftheSpanishSuccessionwarHarleyneededtoprovideamechanismforfundinggovernmentdebtincurredinthecourseofthatwar.However,hecouldnotestablishabank,becausethecharteroftheBankofEnglandmadeittheonlyjointstockbank.Hethereforeestablishedwhat,onitsface,wasatradingcompany,thoughitsmainactivitywasinfactthefundingofgovernmentdebt.thecharteroftheBankofEnglandonitsface20100605118/41Inreturnforitsexclusivetradingrightsthegovernmentsawanopportunityforaprofitabletrade-off.Thegovernmentandthecompanyconvincedtheholdersofaround€10millionofshort-termgovernmentdebttoexchangeitwithanewissueofstockinthecompany.Inexchange,thegovernmentgrantedthecompanyaperpetualannuityfromthegovernmentpaying€576,534annuallyonthecompany'sbooks,oraperpetualloanof€10millionpaying6percent.Thisguaranteedthenewequityownersasteadystreamofearningstothisnewventure.Thegovernmentthoughtitwasinawin-winsituationbecauseitwouldfundtheinterestpaymentbyplacingatariffonthegoodsbroughtfromSouthAmerica.567,5346%seeanopportunityconvinceororor6%56.7534or6%56.7534567,534**Ventureguaranteeearnings20100605119/41TheTreatyofUtrechtof1713grantedthecompanytherighttosendonetradingshipperyear,theNavíodePermiso(thoughthiswasinpracticeaccompaniedbytwotenders),aswellastheAsiento,thecontracttosupplytheSpanishcolonieswithslaves.1713NavodePermiso^^://kouyitianxia.5d6d.com/forum-88-1.html201006051110/41iriniAftermathGarfieldledthefirstfrontporchcampaignforthePresidency.Hedidnottravelthatmuch,andheusuallystayedathometopresenthispresidentialagendatovisitors.Garfieldenlistedthesupportoftheothercandidatesfromtheconventiontohelpwiththecampaign.The1880DemocraticNationalConventionchoseWinfieldScottHancockasthepresidentialcandidateandWilliamHaydenEnglishashisvice-presidentialrunningmate.Theelectionfeaturedaveryclosepopularvote,thatputGarfieldoutwithamajorityoflessthantenthousandvotes,withsomesourcesputtingitaslowas2,000votes.[121][122]However,Garfieldwontheelectionwith214ofthe369electoralvotesinthecountry.[4]frontporchcampaign1880••WinfieldScottHancock••WilliamHaydenEnglish2000369214OnJuly2,1881,GarfieldwasshotbyaformerChicagolawyernamedCharlesJ.GuiteauattheBaltimoreandPotomacRailRoadStationinWashington,D.C.GuiteauwasastaunchsupporteroftheStalwarts,andheevengavespeechesinNewYorktorallyGrantsupporters.AfterGarfieldwaselectedpresident,GuiteaurepeatedlytriedtocontactthepresidentandhisSecretaryofStateJamesG.BlaineinhopesofreceivingtheconsulshipinParis.[128]AfterfinallybeingtoldbyBlainethathewouldnotgettheposition,GuiteaudecidedtoseekrevengeonGarfield.HeplannedGarfield'sassassinationforweeks.AftershootingGarfield,heproclaimedIamaStalwartandArthurwillbePresident.[129]GarfielddiedonSeptember19,morethantwoandahalfmonthsaftertheshooting.[130]Afteralengthytrial,Guiteauwassentencedtodeath,andhewashangedonJune30,1882.[131]188172BaltimoreandPotomacRailRoadStation•J•CharlesJ.GuiteauStalwarts•G•JamesG.Blaine9191882630://(asdothearmsofallspiralgalaxies)withapitchofapproximately12degrees.Untilrecently,therewerebelievedtobefourmajorspiralarmswhichallstartnearthegalaxy'scenter.Thesearenamedasfollows,accordingtotheimageatright:12ColorArm(s)cyan3-kpcandPerseusArm30003-kpcandPerseusArmpurpleNormaandOuterarm(Alongwithanewlydiscoveredextension)NormaandOuterarmgreenScutum-CruxArmScut