专八修辞学

专八考来考去就这些东西，背就行了。1.ATaleofTwoCitieswaswrittenbyCharlesDickens.2.Phonology:Thestudyofspeechsoundsinlanguageoralanguagewithreferencetotheirdistributionandpatterningandtotacitrulesgoverningpronunciation.音位学;在语言或一门语言中，对有关其分类和模式以及为大家所默认的发音规则的研究音韵学,音系学3.Syntax:Thestudyoftheruleswherebywordsorotherelementsofsentencestructurearecombinedtoformgrammaticalsentences.句法，研究词或其它句子成分如何联合起来形成合乎语法的句子规则的学科4.Semantics:Thestudyorscienceofmeaninginlanguageforms.语义学，以语言形式表示意思的研究或科学5.acronym:首字母组合词，首字母缩略词，比如，NATO,UNESCO,BASIC,它们可以连拼，但VOA是Initialism。6.Metonymy:Afigureofspeechinwhichonewordorphraseissubstitutedforanotherwithwhichitiscloselyassociated,asintheuseofWashingtonfortheUnitedStatesgovernmentoroftheswordformilitarypower.换喻或转喻，一种,一个词或词组被另一个与之有紧密联系的词或词组替换的修辞方法，如用华盛顿代替美==或用剑代替军事力量，对面来了三个“红领巾”也是，以红领巾指代少先队员。7.Simile:Afigureofspeechinwhichtwoessentiallyunlikethingsarecompared,ofteninaphraseintroducedbylikeoras,asinHowlikethewinterhathmyabsencebeenorSoareyoutomythoughtsasfoodtolife(Shakespeare).明喻,一种修辞手法，把两种基本不相像的东西进行比较，通常在由like或as引导的短语中，如“我的离开好象是冬天来临”或“你对我的思想就象食物对于生命一样重要”（莎士比亚）8.Metaphor:Afigureofspeechinwhichawordorphrasethatordinarilydesignatesonethingisusedtodesignateanother,thusmakinganimplicitcomparison,asinaseaoftroublesorAlltheworld'sastage(Shakespeare)隐喻一种语言表达手法，通常用指某物的词或词组来指代他物，从而暗示它们之间的相似之处，如“忧愁之海”或“整个世界一台戏”(莎士比亚)theshipofdesert沙漠之舟9.Oxymoron:Arhetoricalfigureinwhichincongruousorcontradictorytermsarecombined,asinadeafeningsilenceandamournfuloptimist.矛盾修饰法,一种把互相矛盾或不调和的词合在一起的修辞手法，如在震耳欲聋的沉默和悲伤的乐观cruelkindness10.TheaffectionnamegiventotheclocktoweroftheHousesofParliament,WestminsterisBigBen.11.JohnMiltonthepoetwroteofAdamandEve’sexpulsionfromtheGardenofEdeninParadiseLost.ParadiseRegainedwasalsowrittenbyhim.12.Sonnet:A14-lineverseformusuallyhavingoneofseveralconventionalrhymeschemes.十四行诗体,一种由十四行组成的诗歌形式，通常有一种传统的押韵形式,莎士比亚用过此诗体。13.Slang:Akindoflanguageoccurringchieflyincasualandplayfulspeech,madeuptypicallyofshort-livedcoinagesandfiguresofspeechthataredeliberatelyusedinplaceofstandardtermsforaddedraciness,humor,irreverence,orothereffect.俚语主要出现在非正式的、游戏性的话语中的一种语言，基本由存在时间很短的派生词和修辞构成，它们被故意地用来取代标准的词语以达到生动、幽默、无礼或其它效果14.CatchPhrase:Aphraseinwideorpopularuse,especiallyoneservingasasloganforagroupormovement.警句，妙句，吸引人的词句广泛使用的或流行的用语，尤指用作集团或运动的口号的用语。15.Jargon:Thespecializedortechnicallanguageofatrade,profession,orsimilargroup.行话,一个行业、职业或类似的团体中使用的专业的或技术的语言.terminology16.Platitude:Atriteorbanalremarkorstatement,especiallyoneexpressedasifitwereoriginalorsignificant.陈腔滥调,陈腐的或平庸的评论或陈述，尤指某人表述它时好象它是新颖的或有意义的17.Hyperbole:Afigureofspeechinwhichexaggerationisusedforemphasisoreffect,asinIcouldsleepforayearorThisbookweighsaton.夸张法,一种比喻，使用夸张来强调或产生某种效果，比如在我能睡一年或这书有一吨重18.onomatopoeia:Theformationoruseofwordssuchasbuzzormurmurthatimitatethesoundsassociatedwiththeobjectsoractionstheyreferto.象声词,词的构成或用法，例如buzz或nurmur模仿事物或行动的声音.19.hypotaxis:从属关系20.parataxis:并列结构，指短语或分句间不用连词，如：Icame,Isaw,Iconquered.21.Transcendentalism:Aliteraryandphilosophicalmovement,associatedwithRalphWaldoEmersonandMargaretFuller,assertingtheexistenceofanidealspiritualrealitythattranscendstheempiricalandscientificandisknowablethroughintuition.超验主义,一种文学和哲学运动，与拉尔夫•沃尔多•爱默生和玛格丽特•富勒有关，宣称存在一种理想的精神实体，超越于经验和科学之处，通过直觉得以把握22.NathanielHawthornewrotetheScarletLetter.美国23.Morphology:Thestudyofthestructureandformofwordsinlanguageoralanguage,includinginflection,derivation,andtheformationofcompounds.词法，词态学，形态音位学,语言或某一语言中对于单词的结构和形式的研究，包括词尾变化、派生和合成词的构成24.affricate:Acomplexspeechsoundconsistingofastopconsonant辅音followedbyafricative摩擦;forexample,theinitialsoundsofchildandjoy.塞擦音由闭塞音伴随着摩擦音而形成的复杂的语音；例如child和joy的第一个音Alsocalled:affricative.25.VanityFair名利场waswrittenWilliamMakepeaceThackray26.NeilArmstrongwasthefirstpersontowalkonthemoon.EdwinAldrin,MichaelCollins尼尔．阿姆斯特朗、埃德温．奥尔德林、迈克尔．柯林斯27.Thetitleofthenationalanthem国歌ofCanadaisOCanada.此种类型题同学们可自己多找几个国家。28.HenryDavidThoreau’swork,Walden,hasalwaysbeenregardedasamasterpieceofNewEnglandTranscendentalism.29.etymology:thehistoryofaword.词源学30.ThedominantaccentintheUnitedStatesisGeneralAmerican.除纽约市、南方、新英格兰31.JohnLennonisamemberofthebandofBeatles披头士或甲壳虫乐队inthe1960s.32.InGulliver’sTravels格列佛游记,JonathanSwiftdescribestheislandoftheHouyhnhnmsastheworld’smostperfectsociety.有理智和人性的马Houyhnhnmsarehorsesinfact.33.CeoffreyChaucerwroteCanterburyTalesinfourteenthcentury.34.morpheme:Ameaningfullinguisticunitconsistingofaword,suchasman,orawordelement,suchas-edinwalked,thatcannotbedividedintosmallermeaningfulparts.词素,一种含有一个单词的有意义的语言单位，如-ed在单词walked中，不能被划分为更小的有意义单位35.Thenameofthefamousstadium露天体育场inthenorthofLondonisWembley.36.Wimbledon温布尔登[英国英格兰东南部城市](位于伦敦附近,是著名的国际网球比赛地)37.ToadintheholeisaTraditionalEnglishrecipe食谱,originatingfromYorkshire,acountyinthenorthofEngland.烤面拖牛肉，，面拖烤香肠38.Boycott:Toacttogetherinabstainingfromusing,buying,ordealingwithasanexpressionofprotestordisfavororasameansofcoercion（强制）.联合抵制,联合起来拒绝使用、购买或经销以示抗议、不满或作为强制的手段39.Segregation:Thepolicyandpracticeofimposingthesocialseparationofraces,asinschools,housing,andindustry,especiallysoastopracticediscriminationagainstpeople