英国文学.培根1

ABriefHistoryofEnglishLiterature1.Theline“What'spastisprologue”isfrom________________’sTempest.凡是过去，皆为序章。《暴风雨》1.Theline“What'spastisprologue”isfrom________________’sTempest.凡是过去，皆为序章。《暴风雨》凡是过去，皆为序章。2.Thefamousaphorism,“Knowledgeispower”,isfoundintheMeditationsby_______________.FrancisBacon3.Theaphorism“Awisemanwillmakemoreopportunitiesthanhefinds”isby_______________.智者创造机会，而不是等待机会。FrancisBaconFrancisBacon弗朗西斯培根(1561-1626)SirFrancisBaconAstatesman,scientist,philosopher,andessayistofthelateRenaissanceEngland(1561-1626)ContemporaryofShakespeare,ElizabethI,GalileiandGuiYouguang1.MetQueenElizabethI(9)LifeFamouslyreplied“TwoyearsyoungerthanYourMajesty’shappyreign”2.EnteredTrinityCollege,Cambridge(12)3.In1584,electedtoParliament(23).4.In1603,Knighted(42),5.In1617,becameLordKeeperoftheGreatSeal(highestpossibleposition)(56)6.In1618,madeLordChancellorLife7.In1618,elevatedtopeerage(Britishnobles)8.In1621,chargedwithcorruptionandbribery(60)9.In1626,diedindisgrace(65)Bacon’sliterarypowerandsuccessfindfineexpressionchieflyinhisbestknownliteraryworkEssays.Shortastheyare,theseessaysshowBacon’sprofundityinunderstandingmanandsociety.Bacon’sEssays•HisEssaysisthefirstexampleofthatgenreinEnglishliterature,whichhasbeenrecognizedasanimportantlandmarkinthedevelopmentofEnglishprose.•Bacon’sessaysarefamousfortheirbrevity,compactnessandpowerfulness.Andtheneatness,thepreciseness,thegravity,andtheweightinessaretheessentialqualitiesofhiswritings.•Balanceandoppositionarethemostcommonstrategiesheusestoachieveboththeappearanceofbalanceandtheconcealmentofhisownopinionsunderthecloakoftheopposingalternatives.Essay:ADefinition•Itisarelativelyshortliterarycompositioninprose,inwhichawriterdiscussesatopic,usuallyrestrictedinscope,ortriestopersuadethereadertoacceptaparticularpointofview.AnAnalysisofOfStudiesOfStudies:MainideaItdiscussesthebenefitsofstudying.Studyingisapplyingthemindtolearningandunderstandingasubject,especiallythroughreading,whichisperhapswhyby‘studying’,SirFrancisBaconmostlyreferstoreading.Inthisshortessay,hestrivestopersuadeustostudy,andtellsushowtostudyifwearetomakethebestofwhatweread.OfStudies:Details1.Whatdostudiesservefor?2.Whatattitudesandwaysareadoptedbydifferentpeopletostudy?3.Howdostudiesinfluencehumancharacter?(1)theuseandabuseofstudies(2)theproperandimproperwaystopursueone’sstudies(3)theeffectofthedifferentkindsofstudiesuponhumancharacter最广为流传的译作是论学习》等，该译语言精炼优美传神，为广大读者视为是最权威的版本。王佐良(1916-1995)浙江上虞人。诗人、翻译家、教授、英国文学研究专家。1.Studiesservefordelight,forornament,andforability.Theirchiefusefordelight,isinprivatenessandretiring;forornament,isindiscourse;andforability,isinthejudgementanddispositionofbusiness.读书足以怡情，足以傅彩，足以长才。其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其傅彩也，最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事之际。1.Studiesservefordelight,forornament,andforability.Theirchiefusefordelight,isinprivatenessandretiring;forornament,isindiscourse;andforability,isinthejudgementanddispositionofbusiness.Studyasanactivity,inwhateverform,bringsusjoyandenhancesourthinking,speakingandwritingability,addingcharmtoourpersonality.2.Forexpertmencanexecute,andperhapsjudgeofparticulars,onebyone;butthegeneralcounsels,andtheplotsandmarshallingofaffairs,comebestfromthosethatarelearned.练达之士虽能分别处理细事或一一判别枝节，然纵观统筹，全局策划，则舍好学深思者莫属。3.Tospendtoomuchtimeinstudiesissloth;tousethemtoomuchforornament,isaffectation;tomakejudgmentwhollybytheirrules,isthehumorofascholar.读书费时过多易惰，文采藻饰太盛则矫，全凭条文断事乃学究故态。Becarefulnottooverindulgeinstudyasthisleadstolaziness,pretentiousnessorinsularity.4.Theyperfectnature,andareperfectedbyexperience:fornaturalabilitiesarelikenaturalplants,thatneedproyning,bystudy;andstudiesthemselvesdogiveforthdirectionstoomuchatlarge,excepttheybeboundedinbyexperience.读书补天然之不足，经验又补读书之不足，盖天生才干犹如自然花草，读书然后知如何修剪移接，而书中所示，如不以经验范之，则又大而无当Knowledgeimprovesexperienceandexperienceimprovesknowledge5.Craftymencondemnstudies,simplemenadmirethem,andwisemenusethem;fortheyteachnottheirownuse;butthatisawisdomwithoutthem,andabovethem,wonbyobservation.有一技之长者鄙读书，无知者羡读书，唯明智之士用读书，然书并不以用处告人，用书之智不在书中，而在书外，全凭观察得之。5.Craftymencontemnstudies,simplemenadmirethem,andwisemenusethem;fortheyteachnottheirownuse;butthatisawisdomwithoutthem,andabovethem,wonbyobservation.Peoplewhoarecunninganddeceitfulhavenoappreciationforstudiesastheyaccomplishtheirobjectivesthroughmanycrookedways.Simplefolks,however,greatlyvaluetheroleofstudiesinhumanlife.Wisepeopleinherentlydrawupontheideasobtainedfromtheirstudieswhilesolvinglife’smyriadproblems.6.Readnottocontradictandconfute;nortobelieveandtakeforgranted;nortofindtalkanddiscourse;buttoweighandconsider.读书时不可存心诘难读者，不可尽信书上所言，亦不可只为寻章摘句，而应推敲细思。Theaimofreadingandacquiringknowledgemustnotbetoaggressivelyrefuteother’sviewsoracceptthewriter’sviewsasgospeltruth.Itshouldalsonotbetoengageinpointlessdiscussionandargumentation.Studyingshouldenableustoweighfactsandanalyzethemrationally.7.Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested;thatis,somebooksaretobereadonlyinparts;otherstoberead,butnotcuriously;andsomefewtobereadwholly,andwithdiligenceandattention.书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。换言之，有只需读其部分者，有