The-English-Civil-War

TheEnglishCivilWar(BourgeoisRevolution)TheshortparliamentandthelongparliamentBackgroundWhatisshortparliament?Whatislongparliament?CharlesIcalledhisfirstparliamentin1625andaskedittovotehimtheimportduties.,whichhadbeenthesourceofmonarch’sincome.Buttheparliamentdidnotapproveofthis.Inanger,theKingdissolvingtheparliament.TheKingstartedto“borrow”moneybyforceandimprisonthosewhodaretorefuse.Buttheshortofmoneyforcehimtocallanotherparliamentin1628.ItwasattheparliamentthattheKingwasforcedtoacceptthePetitionofRights(权利请愿书).In1629,thekingdissolvedtheparliamentagain.TheshortparliamentCharlesIwantedtoapplyautocraticmonarchy(君主专制)likeinFranceandSpain.Heerectedhisstandingarmyandblockedthedevelopmentofcapitalismcommerceandindustry.PersecutingthePuritantostrengthenhispower.InApril1640,CharlesItentedtoraiseassettoputdowntheScotlandRevolt(苏格兰起义)，soherecalledtheparliamentwhichhasbeenforbiddenfor11years.ButhedissolvedthisparliamentinMay,whichiscalledTheshortparliament.ThePetition[pə‘tɪʃn]ofRights(权利请愿书)ThekingisnotallowedtoreceivemoneyandcollectmoneywithoutconsentofParliament.Thekingisnotallowedtoexpandarmy.Itstrengthenedprotectionoffreedombyforbiddingarbitraryarrestandimprisonmentaswellastrialbymateriallaw.ThelongparliamentAfterCharlesIdismissedtheparliament,hewasdefeatedbytheScottishRebels(苏格兰起义者).HehadtopromisedtorespectallScottishpoliticalandreligiouslibertiesandagreeingtopayalargesumofindemnity(赔偿).Buthehadnowaytoraisesomuchmoney.InNovemberthesameyear(1649年)，CharlesIcalledhisfifthparliament,whichiscalledLongParliament.Itexistsfor20yearswithoutbeingdissolved.TheCivilWarTheprimcord(导火索)ofthecivilwar:TheparliamentimprisonedtheKing’sminion(宠臣)andtriedtocontroltheforeignarmy.Inthisway,theywantedtolimitedthepowerofCharlesI.ThentheKingarrested5membersofcommonsinthehonoroftreason.Buthefailed.Becauseofthisevent,thecrackbetweenkingandparliamentcanneverberestored.CharlesI’sdeedsoutragedthecitizensinLondonwhooccupiedthecityverysoon.ThekingescapedtoYorkandgatheredallthearmies（mostofthemarefeudallords,knownasCavaliers[ˌkævə'lɪəz])whichstandforhim.Atthestartofthewar,theroyalarmywononeafteronebattles.OncethearmyreachedOxfordareawhichis60kilometersawayfromLondon.Insuchasituation,theparliamentfellintoconfusion.Consequences:Duringthoseyears,economicconditionsweredevastated.ManypeoplefledthecountryandmostofthemmigratedtoAmerica.Parliament:Theyweredividedintoleftwingandrightwing.LeftWingComponents:Farmers,tradesmen,artisansofthecountrytowns.MostofthemweremembersofPuritanchurch,buttheyhavedifferentnames.SuchatheIndependents,Separatists,Levelers(平等派),Puritans,andtheRoundheads.Independents:Theysupposedtoseparatethechurchfromthestate.Somanyofthemwereforcedtofleetheircountryatlast.Roundheads:Theywerealsoradicalprotestants.Toshowtheiroppositionoftraditions,theycuttheirhairclosetotheskinandthismadetheirheadslook“Round.”RightWingComponents:Somebiglandowners,richmerchants,knightsofSouthandEast.Standpoint:Theyarguethattheparliamentshouldcompromisewiththekingthroughlimitedwarfareandnegotiation.Theydidnotbelievetheyhavetherighttooverthrowtheking,nordidtheybelieveitwaspossible.ThePuritansmadeupthemostrevolutionarysection.Asaresult,theEnglishBourgeoisRevolution(CivilWar)initsupsurge(高潮)wasalsoknownasthePuritanRevolution.TurningPointTheleftwingitisnecessarytochangetheleadership:toreplacetheleaderrightwing.TheyfoundadistinguishedleaderOliverCromwell.OliverCromwellAcountrygentlemenandaMemberofParliament.Heorganizedacompactarmyofwell-disciplinedsoldiersknownastheNewModelArmy.SoldiersoftheNewModelArmyweremostlyavowedprotestants,believingtheywerefightingforGod’scause.Theyadvancedupontheirenemiesfearlessly,singingpsalms[sɑːm].CharlesIdesiredthearmyhelpfromFrenchtroops,sohewrotealettertotheFrenchking.Buttheparliamentfoundthis,andtheleaderbegantoprosecutethewarwithgreatefforts.CromwellasLordProtectorThearmyledbyCromwellbehavedbravelyandbecamestrongergradually.Cromwellgainedthetrustfromsoldiersandcitizens.SohetookthepositionofLordProtector.(议会军统帅).TheparliamentproclaimedEnglandtobeaCommonwealth(arepublic),withoutaKingandtheHouseoflords.(上议院)InJuly1644,thetroopsledbyCromwelldefeatedtheRoyaltroopsforthefirsttimeonMarstonprairie(马斯顿草原)intwohours.TheEnglishcivilwarwasdirectlycausedbytheconflictbetweenParliamentandthekingovertheproblemofsupremacy,butthefundamentalreasonwastheconflictbetweentheeconomicinterestoftheurbanmiddlerepresentedbytheparliamentandthefeudallandownersrepresentedbythecrown.Itisgenerallyregardedasthebeginningofmodernworldhistory.On14th,June1645,CromwelltroopsoccupiedtheterritoryofCharlesI.Undersuchasituation,thekingdisguisedasservantmanagingtoescape.Atlast,hearrivedatScottland.InFebruary1648,afterCharles1escapingfromCromwell’shandsayearslater,thekingoperatedarevoltagain,butendedupwithdeathsentence.Restoration(1660)AfterCromwell’sdeath,hissonsucceededastheLordProtector.Butinsuchacomplexsituation,hissonfoundthathewasnotabletocarryongovernmentandabdicated.ThesonofCharles1thenmountedthethroneamongthepopularwelcomeandbecameknownasCharl