高中英语语法汇总

高中重点语法讲析•英语词类•句型转换•动词的时态和语态•某些动词的固定用法•动词不定式和动名词•分词(短语)作定语和状语•虚拟语气•倒装句•主谓一致•从句讲法一•从句讲法二•情态动词•独立主格结构•省略句•补充主谓一致指导原则:1.语法一致原则(主,谓语在单,复数上的一致)2.意义一致原则(谓语取决于主语的单,复数意义)3.就近原则(谓语决定于最靠近它的词语n.的单,复数形式)语法一致原则:Eg:Manygirlswanttobuy.Everygirlwantstobuy.意义一致原则:1可单可复1.1集合名词:family,crew,people,staff,all,etc.用作整体,谓语用单数;用作个体,谓语用复数.Eg:Myfamilypoor.Myfamilykindlytoothers.1.2glasses,trousers,shorts(短语),如果之前无单位词而单独使用,谓语动词用复数;否则用单数.Eg:Mytrousersblack.Onepairofscissorsnotenough.1.3thenumberof谓语用单数;anumberof谓语用复数.isareisare1.4关系分句中的主谓一致问题1)在“oneof+复数名词+关系分句”结构中,分句的谓语动词常用复数.Eg.I’moneofthosepeoplewhoveryhappynow.2)如果此结构前有“the”或“theonly”等限定词或强调词时,关系分句的谓语动词形式依one而定,用单数.Eg.Heistheonlyoneofthoseboyswhowillingtohelpthelittlegirl.1.5主语+asmushas/ratherthan/morethan/nolessthan,谓语动词形式视主语本身单复数而定.(考点:通常该主语是单数第三人称,所以谓语用单数)Eg.Hisbrotherratherthanhisparentstoblame.Myhusband,,morethananyoneelseinthefamily,anxioustogothereagain.areisisis1.6主语+aswellas/inadditionto/with/alongwith/togetherwith/execpt,谓语动词形式随主语本身而定.(考点:通常主语是单数第三人称,所以谓语用单数)Eg.Thefather,aswellashisson,goingtotravel.2.单数2.1以-ics结尾的学科名称后,谓语用作单数.诸如:physics(物理学);mathematics(数学);mechanics(机械学);politics(政治学)等.2.2固定名词theUnitedStates,theUnitedNations等做主语,谓语动词用单数.is2.3Manya+单数名词,随后的谓语动词用单数;morethanone(语法一致原则),谓语动词用单数.Eg.Manyastudentthatmistakebefore.AhadmadeBhasbeenmadeChavemadeDhasmade2.4数量词(表距离,金额,重量,时间等复数名词),谓语动词用单数.Eg.Sixmonthsistooshortatimeforme.Twentymilesisalongwaytocover.2.5名词性分句做主语,(what,who,why,how,whether等引导的),谓语动词用单数.Eg.Whatcausedtheaccidentisacompletemestery.2.6不定式和动名词做主语,谓语动词用单数.D就近原则3.1遇到or,nor,either…or…,neither…nor…,notonly…butalso…等,谓语动词采用“就近原则”.Eg.Eithermyfatherormybrotherscoming.Eithermybrothersormyfathercoming.3.2therebe的存在句型中,主谓一致采用“就近原则”Eg.Therethreeapplesandoneorangeonthedesk.Thereoneorangeandthreeapplesonthedesk.isareareis定语从句(限定性定从&非限定性定从)1)限定性定语从句中,定语从句和它的先行词所指意义之间的联系不可分割,若少了它,则不能表达所需的确切含义.Eg.Successbelongstothosestudentswhoworkhardatordinarytimes.2)非限定性定语从句和它的先行词之间的联系则较松散,只是对先行词提供一些补充说明.因此,若省去该从句,不至于影响先行词所指的主要意义.它和主句之间常用逗号分开,引导词不可用that,常用关系代词which,who,as以及关系副词when和where引导.Eg.Wewillputoffthesportsmeetuntilnextweek,whentheweathermaybebetter.Ashasbeenstated,metalshavemanygoodproperties.1.带前置词的定语从句2.名词(代词或数词)+of+whom/which表示部分与整体关系.3.whose引导定语从句.4.只能用that和who引导的定语从句.5.as引导的定语从句.6.but引导的定语从句.7.一种较特殊的定语从句句式.8.同位语从句名词性从句(主语从句,表语从句,宾语从句在主句中起相当于名词的作用,即它们在复合句中的功用和名词相同,分别做主句的主语,表语和宾语.因此这三种从句合称为名词性从句.)相同点:1)关连词相同A.主从连词:that,whether,if在从句中只起连接作用不担任成分.B.连接代词:what,which,who,whose,whatever,whichever,whoever等在句中既起连接作用同时又充当主,宾,表,定语等成分.C.连接副词:when,where,how,why在句中既起连接作用又作状语.2)三种从句均不能用逗号与主句分开.3)名词性从句一般都用陈述句的语序.1.主语从句2.表语从句3.宾语从句4.状语从句1.1主语从句的结构和用法主语从句在复合句中充当主语,主句中的动词多为系动词.经常用来引导主语从句的关联词有主从连词that(无词义),whether(是否),连接代词what(…的东西)以及连接副词等.1)有代词what引导的主从表示“…的(东西)”其句子结构相当于一个名词加上一个定语从句Eg.Whatshewantstoknowisthat.她想知道的是那一点.2)有主从连词,连接副词引导.Eg.Whetherweshallhavethemeetingremainsuncertain.我们是否开会还不能肯定.Howsheisstillaliveisbeyondus.她怎么还活着,我们实在弄不明白.3)有连词that引导Eg.Thattheworkersmanagedtodoitisafact.工人做了这项工作是事实.1.2用代词it做形式主语的主语从句.通常在主句的动词是连系动词的句子中,把主语从句放在句尾,把代词it(无具体意义)放在句首,作为形式上的主语,避免头重脚轻.Eg.Itremainsuncertainwhetherweshallhavethemeeting.当what引导的主语从句表示“…的东西”时及whatever,whichever等关系代词引导的主语从句一般都不用it做形式主语.这种形式的主语从句可以用主从连词that和whether引导,也可以用连接代词或连接副词引导.Eg.Itisstrangethatshedidn’tcomeyesterday.1.2.1it+be+名词+主语从句Eg.Itisapity(afact,anhonour,ashame,agoodnews,agoodthing,nowonder,adeplorable不幸的thing,etc.)that…1.2.2It+be+形容词+主语从句.Eg.Itisstrange(natural,true,fortunate,obvious,impossible,possible,likely,unlikely,funny,surprising,etc.)that…1.2.3It+be+过去分词+主语从句Eg.Itisreported(announced,arranged,decided,expected,stressed,etc.)that…Itisnotknown(decided…etc.)that…Itmustbepointedoutthat…Ithasbeendiscussedthat…1.2.4It+不及物动词+主语从句Eg.Ithappened(seems,turnedout,occurredtome,suddenlystruckme,etc.)that…2.表语从句表语从句在复合句中做表语,位于主句中的连系动词之后.常用来引导表语从句的连接词有that(有时可省略),whether,连接副词where,when,why,how以及连接代词what,还可以由asif,asthough引导.2.1有连接代词what引导.Eg.Thisiswhatwewant.2.2由主从连词that引导.Eg.Ourteacher’sideaisthatweshoulddoourhomeworkfirst.2.3由连接副词how引导.Eg.Thisishowithappened.事情是这样的。2.4有asif引导.Eg.Itlooksasifitisgoingtorain.天好象要下雨似的。2.5用在“Thereasonisthat…”;“Itisbecause…”或“Thisisbecause…”等句型中.Eg.ThereasonwhysheisabsentinBeijingisthatshewenttoseeherfriend.她暂时不在北京的原因是她去看朋友了。Thisisbecauseyouneglectedhisadvice.这是因为你不听他的劝告.3.宾语从句宾语从句做动词的宾语,其位置与陈述句基本结构的宾语相同,同时也可做介词,非限定动词(动词不定式,动名词,分词)及be+某些形容词的宾语.3.1有连词that引导的定语从句最为普通(that常被省略)Eg.Ithinkthatyouareright.此类宾语的用法一般有以下几种1)可以跟在某些动词后,这类动词有:see,say,think,insist,wish,deny,expect,agree,believe,decide,declare,explain,hear,feel,imagine,require,order.command,etc.2)不可紧跟在某些动词后,这类动词有:let,allow,admire,like,dislike,take,forgive,etc.Eg.Itakeitthatyoumustunderstandyourmother.我认为你要理解你的母亲.3)可作介词expect,in,but的宾语,即为:exceptthat…除了…;inthat…因为,在于;butthat…要不是,只是…Eg.Hesaidnothingexceptthathewasallright.他除了说他很好以外,别的什么都没说.4)可做形容词的宾语:be+形容词+that引导的宾语从句.Eg.Iamsurethatshewillcome.以下形容词后可跟由that引导的宾语从句:afraid,aware,anxious,certain,convinced,surprised,satisfied,proud,sorry,thankful,disappointed,sure,glad,consident,etc.3.2由连续代词what,主从连词whether,if引导的