直接引语和间接引语语法

直接引语和间接引语（DirectSpeechandIndirectSpeech）直接引述别人的原话，叫直接引语。用自己的话转述别人的话，叫间接引语。间接引语在多数情况下构成宾语从句。直接引语一般前后要加引号，间接引语不用引号。例如：MrBlacksaid,“I’mbusy.”布莱克先生说：“我很忙。”（直接引语）MrBlacksaidthathewasbusy.布莱克先生说他很忙。（间接引语）1陈述句（Statements）直接引语如果是陈述句，变为间接引语时，用连词that引导（that在口语中常省略），从句中的人称、时态、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等要作响应的变化。在这一方面，汉语和英语有许多相似之处，因此在做直接引语和间接引语转换练习时，要特别注意句子的意义。1)人称的变化(1)Hesaid,“Ilikeitverymuch.”→Hesaidthathelikeditverymuch.（2）Hesaidtome,“IbrokeyourCDplayer.”→HetoldmethathehadbrokenmyCDplayer.2)时态的变化一般现在时→一般过去时Hesaid,”I’mafraidIcan’tfinishedthework.”Hesaidthathewasafraidhecould’tfinishedthework.现在进行时→过去进行时Hesaid,“I’musingtheknife.”Hesaidthathewasusingtheknife.现在完成时→过去完成时Shesaid,“I’venotheardfromhimsinceMay.”ShesaidthatshehadnotheardfromhimsinceMay.一般过去时→过去完成时Hesaid,“Icametohelpyou.”Hesaidthathehadcometohelpme.过去完成时不变Hesaid,“Ihadfinshedmyhomeworkbeforesupper.”Hesaidthathehadfinshedhishomeworkbeforesupper.一般将来时→过去将来时Shesaid,“I’lldoitafterclass.”Shesaidthatshewoulddoitafterclass.3)指示代词、时间状语、地点状语和动词的变化this→that（这个→那个）Shesaid,“I’llfinshtheworkthismorning.”Shesaidthatshewouldfinshtheworkthatmorning.these→those（这些→那些）Hesaid,“Thesebooksaremine.”Hesaidthatthosebookswerehis.now→then（这时→那时）Hesaid,“It’snineo’clocknow.”Hesaidthatitwasnineo’clockthen.today→thatday（今天→那天）Hesaid,“Ihaven’tseenhertoday.”Hesaidthathehadn’tseenherthatday.yesterday→thedaybefore（昨天→前一天）Shesaid,“Iwentthereyesterday.”Shesaidthatshehadgonetherethedaybefore.tomorrow→thenext/followingday（明天→第二天）Shesaid,“I’llgotheretomorrow.”Shesaidthatshewouldgotherethenext/followingday.ago→before（以前）Shesaid,“Heleft30minutesago.”Shetoldmethathehadleft30minutesbefore.here→there（这里→那里）Hesaid,“Mysisterwashereoneweekago.”Hesaidthathissisterhadbeenthereoneweekbefore.come→go（来→去）Shesaid,“I’llcomeherethisevening.”Shesaidthatshewouldgotherethatevening.2疑问句（Questions）直接引语如果是疑问句，变为间接引语时，要把疑问句语序改为陈述句语序（主语在谓语前面），句末用逗号，主语的人称、时态和状语等也要作相应的变化。一般疑问句：直接引语如果是一般疑问句，变为间接引语时，要用连词whether或if引导。主句中的谓语动词是said时，要改为asked。没有间接宾语的，可以加一个间接宾语（me,him或us等）。如：Heasked,“AreyouinterestedinEnglish?”Heasked(me)ifIwasinterestedinEnglish.Hesaid,“Didyouseehimlastnight?”Heasked(me)whetherIhadseenhimthenightbefore.特殊疑问句：直接引语如果是特殊疑问句，变为间接引语时，仍用原来的疑问词引导。并且变疑问语序为陈述语序，改问号为句号。引述的动词常用ask,wanttoknow,wonder等。如：“WhatcanIdoforyou?”heaskedmeHeasked(me)whathecoulddoforme.Heasked,“Wheredoesshelive?”Heaskedwhereshelived.Maryaskedhim,“Whydoyoualwayscomesolate?”Marywantedtoknowwhyhealwayscamesolate.注意：以ShallI/we或Will/Would/Could开头的疑问句变为间接引语时，往往要根据意思灵活转述。表示请求、劝告时，常用“ask+宾语+不定式”，即：asksb.todosth.表示提出帮助时，常用“offer+不定式”，即：offertodosth.e.g.“Willyouhelpmewithmyhomework?”heaskedRichard.HeaskedRichardtohelphimwithhishomework.“ShallIbringyousometea?”heaskedme.Heofferedtobringmesometea.3祈使句（Imperatives）转述祈使句时，要将祈使句的动词原形变为带to的不定式，并在不定式的前面根据句子的意思加上tell,ask,order等动词，如果祈使句为否定式，在不定式的前面加not。即：tell/ask/ordersb.(not)todosth.例如：Shesaidtous,“Pleasesitdown.”Sheaskedustositdown.。Hesaidtohim,“Goaway!”Heorderedhimtogoaway.Mothersaidtome,“Comebackbefore10:00.”Mothertoldmetocomebackbefore10:00.Hesaid,“Don’tmakesomuchnoise,boys.”Hetoldtheboysnottomakesomuchnoise.注意：（1）直接引语如果是客观真理，变为间接引语时，时态不变。如：Hesaid,“Lighttravelsmuchfasterthansound.”Hesaidthatlighttravelsmuchfasterthansound.“Afriendinneedisafriendindeed,”Mothersaidtome.Mothertoldmethatafriendinneedisafriendindeed.(2)如果在当地转述，here不必改为there，动词come不必改为go。如果在当天转述，yesterday，tomorrow等时间状语也不必改变。