美国“贸易自由化”政策与中国“改革开放”

20102(19691975)(,200241)[];;;;[],,,,,,,[]K712=534[]A[]058320214(2010)0220083222USTradeLiberalizationPolicyandChinasReformandOpening(19691975)DAIChao2wu(CenterforColdWarInternationalHistoryStudies,EastChinaNormalUniversity,Shanghai200241,China)Keywords:Dtente;CoordinatingCommitteeoftheParisConsultativeGroups;tradeliberalizationpolicy;Sino2Americanrapprochement;ChinasReformandOpeningAbstract:RelaxationintheEast2WesttradecontrolandapprovalofexportingtheadvancedtechnologytoCommunistcountriesweretheimportantpartsofNixon2KissingersGrandDesignsandabsolutelyservedtheirDtentestrategy.WithregardofCOCOMsystem,theNixonadministrationrelaxedrestrictionsonitsallysexportsofsensitivetechnolo2gyandequipmentstoSoviet2EastEuropeancountriesandtoChinaontheonehand,begantousetheexceptionclausetoexportembargogoodsandrepealedtheChinaDifferential,ontheother.ThetradeliberalizationpolicytowardChinaex2ertedagreatinfluenceonthehistoricalprocessofDengXiaopingsReformandOpeningandChinasreintegrationintotheinternationalsystem.,,(dtente),,:(JeremiSuri,HenryKissingerandtheAmericanCentury),:2007;::(RobertDallek,Nix2onandKissinger:PartnerinPower),:2007;::(JussiHanhimaki,TheFlawedArchitect:HenryKissingerandAmericanForeignPolicy),:2004;::(Rich2ardReeves,PresidentNixon:AloneintheWhiteHouse),:2001;::(TomWich2er,OneofUs:RichardNixonandtheAmericanDream),:2001;::(WilliamBundy,ATangledWeb:TheMakingofForeignPoli2cyintheNixonPresidency),:1998;::(RogerMorris,RichardMilhousNix2on:TheRiseofanAmericanPolitician),:1989;::(FranzSchurmann,TheFor2eignPoliticsofRichardNixon:TheGrandDesign),3819722,,,,,,(CoordinatingCommitteeoftheParisConsult2ativeGroups),(tradeliberalization),,,:1987;::,19691976(RobertLitwak,DtenteandtheNixonDoctrine:AmericanForeignPolicyandthePursuitofStability,19691976),:1984;::(JohnLewisGaddis,StrategiesofContainment:ACriticalAp2praisalofAmericanNationalSecurityPolicyduringtheColdWar),:1982::(MargaretMacMillan,NixonandMao:TheWeekthatChangedtheWorld),:2007;::(JamesBeck,WashingtonsChina:TheNationalSecurityWorld,theColdWar,andtheOriginsofGlobalism),2006;::(WilliamC.Kirby,RobertS.Ross,andGongLi(eds.),NormalizationofU.S.ChinaRelations:AnInternationalHistory),:2006;::G.W.(JeanGarrison,MakingChinaPolicy:FromNixontoG.W.Bush),:2005;:(EvelynGoh,ConstructingtheUSRapprochementwithChina,19611974),:2005;:(ChenJian,MaosChinaandtheColdWar),:2001;::,(JimMann,AboutFace:AHistoryofAmeri2casCuriousRelationshipwithChina,fromNixontoClinton),:1999;::1949(RosemaryFoot,ThePracticeofPower:U.S.RelationswithChinasince1949),:1997;::(19691989)(RobertRoss,NegotiatingCooper2ation:TheUnitedStatesandChina,19691989),:1995;:?,(NancyB.Tucker,TaiwanExpendable?NixonandKissingerGotoChina,JournalofAmericanHis2tory)921(20056),109135,,COCOM,:::(19451950),(YokoYasuhara,TheMythofFreeTrade:TheOriginsofCOCOM,19451950,JapaneseJournalofAmericanStudies)19914,127148:(JariElorantaandJariOjala,eds.,EastWestTradeandtheColdWar),[]:2005;:(19331991):(AlanE.Dobson,UnitedStatesEconomicState2craftforSurvival,19331991:OfSanctionsandStrategicEmbargoes),:2002;::(Mi2chaelP.Malloy,UnitedStatesEconomicSanctions:TheoryandPractice),:2001;R.T.::(R.T.Naylor,EconomicWarfare:Sanctions,EmbargoBusting,andTheirHumanCost),:2001;::(19491963)(ShuGuangZhang,EconomicColdWar:AmericanEmbargoa2gainstChinaandtheSinoSovietAlliance,19491963),:,:2001;::(IanJackson,TheEconomicColdWar:America,Britain,andEastWestTrade),:2001;::(AllenJ.Matusow,NixonsEconomy:Booms,Busts,Dollars,andVotes),:1998;::(DianeB.Kunz,ButterandtheGuns:Ameri2casColdWarEconomicDiplomacy),:1997;::1776(AlfredE.Eckes,Jr.,OpeningAmericasMarket:U.S.ForeignTradePolicysince1776),:1995;::(DannisA.Rondinelli,ed.,ExpandingSinoA2mericanBusinessandTrade:ChinasEconomicTransi2tion),:1994;::(MichaelMastanduno,EconomicContainment:CoComandthePoliticsofEastWestTrade),:1992;:(PhilipJ.Funigiello,AmericanSoviet48,,,,,,,,,,,1970:;,,,,19691118,,,,:,;,;,;,,,,:TradeintheColdWar),:1988;:(GaryBertsch,ed.,ControllingEastWestTradeandTechnologyTranfer),:1988;::(),(JeffreyA.Engel,OfFatandThinCommunists:DiplomacyandPhilosophyinWesternEconomicWarfareStrate2giestowardChina(andTyrants,Broadly,DiplomaticHistory)293(20056),445474;:,(ChenJian,EconomicDiplomacy,AlliancePolitics,andtheElementofCultureintheColdWar,DiplomaticHistory)284(20044),289294;::,(ThomasW.Zeiler,Man2agingProtectionism:AmericanTradePolicyintheEar2lyColdWar,DiplomacyHistory)223(1998),337360;::,19471952,(FrankCain,USleadTradeEmbargoonChina:TheOriginsofCHIN2COM,19471952,JournalofStrategicStudies)184(199512),3354;::,19471951,(FrankCain,Ex2portingtheColdWar:BritishResponsestotheUSAsEstablishmentofCOCOM,194751,JournalofCon2temporaryHistory)293(19947),501522:,2007;:(19451994),2005;:(19722001),2002;:,2001;:,1995;:,1992;:,1991,:::,2009;::(19691972),2009;::(FrankCain,EconomicStatecraftduringtheColdWar:EuropeanResponsestotheUSTradeEmbargo),:2007:(JohnLewisGaddis,StrategiesofContainment),285305;:,20075:,1971(PublicPapersofthePresidentsoftheUnitedStates:RichardNixon,1971),:1972,80658,,(Freedomtotrade)(Freedomtotravel)(Freedomtoinvest)(Freedomtoe