英文2-机会成本及贸易(含中文)

2019/10/151Opportunitycostandtrade1.Whichonedoyouchoose?2132019/10/15Whichopportunitywouldyouchoose？2019/10/15OpportunitycostOpportunitycostiswhatevermustbegivenuptoobtainsomeitem.2019/10/152.Peoplefacetradeoffs.“Thereisnosuchthingasafreelunch!”2019/10/152.Peoplefacetradeoffs.Togetonething,weusuallyhavetogiveupanotherthing.Gunsv.butterFoodv.clothingLeisuretimev.workEfficiencyv.equityMakingdecisionsrequirestradingoffonegoalagainstanother.2019/10/152.Peoplefacetradeoffs.Efficiencymeanssocietygetsthemostthatitcanfromitsscarceresources.Equitymeansthebenefitsofthoseresourcesaredistributedfairlyamongthemembersofsociety.Efficiencyv.Equity2019/10/153.Thecostofsomethingiswhatyougiveuptogetit.Decisionsrequirecomparingcostsandbenefitsofalternatives.Whethertogotocollegeortowork?Whethertostudyorgooutonadate?Whethertogotoclassorsleepin?2019/10/153.ThecostofsomethingiswhatyougiveuptogetitTheopportunitycostofanitemiswhatyougiveuptoobtainthatitem.2019/10/15Premises：MultipleoptionsScarcity3.TheCostofSomethingIsWhatYouGiveUptoGetIt.LALakerbasketballstarKobeBryantchosetoskipcollegeandgostraightfromhighschooltotheproswherehehasearnedmillionsofdollars.2019/10/15ExampleMr.Wangisthemanagerinacompany.Hehasastorefrontwhichissuitabletoestablishasmallshopsohedecidedtooperatethebusiness.–Expectedinvestment:200,000yuan–Hire2Employees2019/10/15112019/10/15Accordingtotheanalysisofthesituationlikethelocationandtheresidentpopulation,heestimatedthesalesinoneyearasfollows:Salesrevenue-Stockcost=Grossprofit480,000-320,000=160,000OthercostsWagestoemployees60,000taxes10,000WaterandElectricity10,000Netprofit:80,0002019/10/1512Haveallcostsbeenfullytakenintoaccount?–CapitalinterestInterestrate5%:10,000peryear–TimeandabilitySalaryformanager:80,000peryear–RentTherentofhisstorefront:60,000peryear2019/10/15ProfitcalculationSalesrevenue-Stockcost=Grossprofit360,000-200,000=160,000OthercostsWagestoemployees60,000taxes10,000WaterandElectricity10,000Capitalinterest10,000Timeandability80,000Rent60,000Netprofit:-70,0002019/10/152019/10/1515Accordingtothisresult，shouldheresigntoestablishandmanagetheshop?No!2019/10/1515ScarcityandChoiceforIndividualsOpportunityCost(ofachoice):thevalueofthebestalternativethatwasnotchosenbecausesomethingelsewaschosen.Premises：MultipleoptionsScarcity162019/10/15ConclusionsOpportunitycostisanimportanteconomicconcept.Opportunitycostiscloselyrelatedtootherimportanteconomicalconcepts,e.g.comparativeadvantage.2019/10/15OpportunityCost,anexample:Whatistheopportunitycostofattendingan8a.m.economicsclass?Toanswerthisquestion,thinkofalltheotheractivitiesyoucoulddoatthisexacttime,andrankthesechoices(frommostpreferredtoleastpreferred).2019/10/15OpportunityCost,anexample:At8a.m.,youcouldsleepabitmore,havealongerbreakfast,takemoretimetowalktoschool,watchtheearlymorningnews,etc.Sinceyoumadeachoicetocometoyour8a.m.economicsclass,thenthebestalternativethatyouDIDNOTchooseisyouropportunitycost.Ifyouvaluesleepthemost,thensleepingisyouropportunitycost.2019/10/152019/10/15203、Whatisyouropportunitycostofa4-yeardegreeatSICHUANUniversity?Foraneconomist,thecostofsomethingisnotjustthecashpayment,butallofthevaluegivenupintheprocessofacquiringthething.Forexample,thecostofauniversityeducationinvolvestuition,andtextbookpurchases,andalsothewagesthatwouldhavebeenearnedduringthetimeatuniversity,butwerenot.212019/10/15OpportunityCosts:CommunityCollegeandtheEconomicDownturnIn2008-2009whentheeconomywasexperiencingarecession(subprimecrisis),manycommunitycollegesreportedincreasedenrollmentsatapproximately10percentoverthepreviousyear.Canyouusetheconceptofopportunitycoststoexplainwhythismightbeso?2019/10/15InterdependenceandtheGainsfromTrade2019/10/1523InterdependenceandTradeConsidertypicaldayforanAmericanYouwakeuptoanalarmclockmadeinKorea.YoupouryourselfsomeorangejuicemadefromorangesgrowninFlorida.YouputonsomeclothesmadeofcottongrowninGeorgiaandsewninfactoriesinThailand.YouwatchthemorningnewsbroadcastfromNewYorkonyourTVmadeinJapan.Youdrivetoworkinacarmadeofpartsmanufacturedinahalf-dozendifferentcountries.…andyouhaven’tbeenupformorethantwohoursyet!2019/10/1524相互依存与贸易看看你的每天日常生活:早晨被产于韩国的闹钟叫醒；给自己倒了一杯佛罗里达产的橘子轧成的橘子汁；穿上用佐治亚生产的棉花而在泰国缝制的衣服；从日本产的电视上看纽约播放的新闻节目；你开着用来自全世界十几个国家生产的部件组装的汽车去上学。…这些事只是发生在你的不到两个小时的生活中。2019/10/1525InterdependenceandtheGainsfromTradeRemember,economicsisthestudyofhowsocietiesproduceanddistributegoodsinanattempttosatisfythewantsandneedsofitsmembers.2019/10/1526相互依存与贸易的好处记住，经济学是研究社会如何生产和分配物品，以满足所有社会成员的欲望和需要。2019/10/1527Howdowesatisfyourwantsandneedsinaglobaleconomy?Wecanbeeconomicallyself-sufficient.Wecanspecializeandtradewithothers,leadingtoeconomicinterdependence.2019/10/15在世界经济范围内，我们如何满足自己的欲望和需要？我们可以在经济上自给自足。我们可以进行专业化分工，并与他人进行贸易，从而形成经济上相互依存的关系。2019/10/15InterdependenceandtheGainsfromTradeAgeneralobservation...Individualsandnationsrelyonspecializedproductionandexchangeasawaytoaddressproblemscausedbyscarcity.2019/10/15相互依存与贸易的好处一个一般性的观察结果...个人和国家依靠分工生产和交换来解决稀缺带来的问题。2019/10/15InterdependenceandtheGainsfromTrade相互依存与贸易的好处But,thisgivesrisetotwoquestions:但是，这会