第四章中国饲料市场细分分析一、配。。。

Chapter11:OccupationalHealthPSYC352October21QQ空间Occupationalhealth:Broad-basedconceptthatreferstothemental,emotional,andphysicalwellbeingofemployeeinrelationtotheconductoftheirwork.Workplaysacriticalroleinone’sidentity,self-esteem,andpsychologicalwellbeing.PositivePsychologyPositivepsychology:Thestudyofthefactorsandconditionsinlifethatleadtopleasurableandsatisfyingoutcomesforindividuals.EnvironmentalInfluencesonMentalHealth(1of3;Warr,1987)Thereare9determinantsofpsychologicalwellbeing:1.OpportunityforcontrolOpportunitytodecideandactinone’schosenwayPotentialtopredicttheconsequencesofactionEnvironmentalInfluencesonMentalHealth(2of3;Warr,1987)2.OpportunityforskilluseThosethatpreventpeoplefromusingskillstheyalreadypossessRestrictionsontheacquisitionofnewskills3.Externallygeneratedgoalsorchallenges4.EnvironmentalvarietyEnvironmentalInfluencesonMentalHealth(3of3;Warr,1987)5.EnvironmentalclarityFeedbackaboutactionsClarityofrolerequirement6.Availabilityofmoney7.Physicalsecurity8.Opportunityforinterpersonalcontact9.ValuedsocialpositionEsteemRolemembershipTheComponentsofMentalHealth(1of4;Warr,1987)Thereare5majorcomponentsofmentalhealth:1.AffectivewellbeingPleasureArousal2.CompetenceAcompetentpersonhasadequatepsychologicalresourcestodealwithlife’spressuresTheComponentsofMentalHealth(2of4;Warr,1987)3.AutonomyTheabilitytoresistenvironmentalinfluencesanddetermineone’sownopinions/actions“Employee’scontrolofthetimingandmethodofher/hisworktasks”(Turnbull,1988)AutonomyappearstobemoreimportantinpredictingwellbeinginWesternculturesthanEasterncultures.TheComponentsofMentalHealth(3of4;Warr,1987)4.AspirationSomeonewithhighaspirationengageswiththeenvironment,establishesgoals,andmakeseffortstoattainthem.AspirationHighmotivationAlertnesstonewopportunitiesCommitmenttomeetpersonalchallengesTheComponentsofMentalHealth(4of4;Warr,1987)5.IntegratedfunctioningPeoplewhoareintegratedexhibitbalance,harmony,andinnerrelatedness5componentsworktogethertomakeupwell-being:1.Affectivewell-being2.Competence3.Autonomy4.Aspiration5.IntegratedFunctioningWorkStress(1of2)Workstress:Theresponsetostimulithatarepresentonthejobthatleadtothenegativeconsequences,physicalorpsychological,tothepeoplewhoareexposedtothem.Stresssymptomscancauseindividualssuffering,significantlyaffectabsenteeismandproductivitylevelswithinorganizations.Outcomesincludelowerlevelsofself-esteem,jobsatisfaction,andmotivationaswellashigherbloodandcholesterollevels,depression,ulcers,andheartdisease.WorkStress(2of2)46%ofAmericanworkersfeltthattheirjobswereveryorsomewhatstressful.27%statethatjobswerethesinglegreatestsourceofstressintheirlives.InasurveyofAmericanmanagers,88%reportedelevatedlevelsofstress.Stressaffectsalmost1/3oftheEuropeanworkingpopulation.AModelofStress(1of7;Kahn&Byosiere,1992)KahnandByosiere’s(1992)modelofstressconceptualizesstressinorganizationsintermsof7majorcategories.1.OrganizationalantecedentstostressStressmarkersOrganizationalcharacteristicsSizeWorkscheduleAModelofStress(2of7;Kahn&Byosiere,1992)2.StressorsinorganizationallifeThereare2majortypesofstressors:Psychological-Roleambiguity-Roleconflict-RoleoverloadIllhealthisrelatedtomonotonousworkandsustainedvigilanceTaskcontentRolePropertiesStrainAModelofStress(3of7;Kahn&Byosiere,1992)3.PerceptionandcognitionHelpsexplainwhypeoplereactdifferentlytostressorsthatareobjectivelythesame.Primaryappraisal:Initialdeterminationthatastimulusispositive,negative,orneitherinitsimplicationsforwellbeing.Secondaryappraisal:Judgmentaboutwhatcanbedonetominimizedamageormaximizegain.AModelofStress(4of7;Kahn&Byosiere,1992)4.ResponsetostressPhysiological:e.g.,cardiovascularsymptoms(bloodpressure,cholesterollevel)Psychological:e.g.,jobdissatisfactionBehavioral:WorkroleAntisocialbehavioratworkFlightfromthejobDegradationofotherrolesSelf-damagingbehaviorAModelofStress(5of7;Kahn&Byosiere,1992)5.ConsequencesofstressTheconsequencesofstresstypicallyaffecttheperformanceoftheindividualonthejobandinotherliferoles.HealthandillnessOrganizationaleffectivenessPerformanceinotherliferolesAModelofStress(6of7;Kahn&Byosiere,1992)6.Propertiesofpeopleasstressmediators2personalitycharacteristicsmediateeffectsofstress{stressorindividualdifferencestrain}Personalitytype:TypeA:Personalityconstructthatdescribesindividualswhotendtobeaggressiveandcompetitiveandfeelunderchronictimepressures.TypeB:Personalityconstructthatdescribesindividualswhotendnottobecompetitive,intense,orfeelunderchronictimepressures.Locusofcontrol:Personalityconstructrelatingtotheperceivedcauseorlocusofcontrolforeventsinone’slifebeingeitherinternalorexternal.AModelofStress(7of7;Kahn&Byosiere,1992)7.PropertiesofsituationasstressmediatorsSituationsbufferstress.TheprimarysituationfactorissocialsupportOthersituationscanbufferagainststress:Predictability,understandability,controllabilityStressorStrainSituationsPreventionandInterventionOrganizationalLevelSelectionandplacementTrainingandeducationprogramsPhysicalandenviron