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applyinnovationSlide110/17/2019激光干涉仪原理介绍applyinnovationSlide210/17/2019基本概念–激光干涉仪•什么是激光干涉仪:利用激光作为长度基准,对数控设备(加工中心、三座标测量机等)的位置精度(定位精度、重复定位精度等)、几何精度(俯仰扭摆角度、直线度、垂直度等)进行精密测量的精密测量仪器。applyinnovationSlide310/17/2019基本概念—机床精度的21项误差ForLinearmeasurement(3):xdxydyzdzForAngularmeasurement(9):AxBxCxAyByCyAzBzCzForStraightnessmeasurement(6):xdyxdzydxydzzdxzdyForSquarenessmeasurement(3)XZ,XY,YZapplyinnovationSlide410/17/2019–激光输出可视为一束正弦波.雷尼绍XL-80所用的激光的波长是633nm.–激光具有三个重要特性:•激光波长非常稳定,可以精密测量测量的要求。•激光波长非常短,可以用于高精度测量。•激光具有干涉特性。Wavelength基本概念–激光及其特点applyinnovationSlide510/17/2019基本概念–激光的产生applyinnovationSlide610/17/2019基本概念—激光的干涉特性如果相位相反,则光波会相互抵消,表现为暗条纹。如果两束光相位相同,光波会叠加增强,表现为亮条纹。相长干涉相消干涉+-=++=applyinnovationSlide710/17/2019线性测量原理安装方式:applyinnovationSlide810/17/2019线性测量光路图移动反射镜固定反射镜和分光镜applyinnovationSlide910/17/2019–激光头–从激光头发出的激光被分光镜(A)分为2束光。–一束光经过固定的反射镜形成参考光.–另一束激光经过移动的反射镜(C)形成测量光.–反射光和测量光经过分光镜后汇合,并且彼此干涉.线性测量原理C(移动反射镜)A(分光镜)B(固定反射镜)输出光反射光测量光汇合光applyinnovationSlide1010/17/2019线性测量原理如果相位相反,则光波会相互抵消,表现为暗条纹。如果两束光相位相同,则光波会叠加增强,表现为亮条纹。相长干涉相消干涉参考光:固定不动测量光:随着反射镜的移动而移动移动反射镜applyinnovationSlide1110/17/2019线性测量原理激光干涉仪通过接收到的激光的明暗条纹变化,再通过电子细分,从而知道距离的细微和准确变化。+-=++=applyinnovationSlide1210/17/2019线性测量applyinnovationSlide1310/17/2019ISO230-2(1997)-InternationalASMEB5.54-U.S.A.BS3800-U.K.JISB6330-JapanGB10931-89-ChinaVDI3441-GermanyE60-099-France激光干涉仪测量与国际标准applyinnovationSlide1410/17/2019角度测量安装方式applyinnovationSlide1510/17/2019角度测量固定干涉镜移动反射镜applyinnovationSlide1610/17/2019角度测量激光头固定干涉镜移动反射镜applyinnovationSlide1710/17/2019角度测量applyinnovationSlide1810/17/2019直线度测量applyinnovationSlide1910/17/2019直线度测量applyinnovationSlide2010/17/2019直线度测量激光头Wollaston棱镜光线1光线2直线度反射镜applyinnovationSlide2110/17/2019直线度测量激光头直线度反射镜Wollaston棱镜光线1(加长)光线2(缩短)移动方向applyinnovationSlide2210/17/2019直线度测量•TheeasiestwaytounderstandhowthesystemdetectsstraightnessdeviationsistoimaginewhathappenstotherelativepathlengthsofBeam1andBeam2ifthestraightnessreflectormovessideways•Asthereflectorismovedupwards,Beampath1getslongerandBeampath2getsshorter•Thischangeintherelativepathlengthscausesachangeintheinterferencesignalintensityastheinterferencecyclesbetweenconstructiveanddestructiveinterference.•Thedetectionunitdetectsthesechangesandconvertsthemtoareadingthatisproportionaltothechangeinrelativepathlength.•Thisisthenmultipliedbytheappropriatefactortogivetheamountofsidewaysmotionofthereflector.StraightnessreadingChangeinpathlength2xSin(/2)applyinnovationSlide2310/17/2019垂直度测量applyinnovationSlide2410/17/2019垂直度测量•分别测量2个轴的直线度,然后将两者进行运算,得出垂直度Step1:Step2:applyinnovationSlide2510/17/2019平面度测量applyinnovationSlide2610/17/2019平面度测量-网格法对角线法平面度测量方法测量原理applyinnovationSlide2710/17/2019回转轴测量-RX10RangeUnlimitedAccuracy±1arcsecResolution0.2arcsecMaxvelocity30rpm(step10deg)2rpm(step10deg)RemarkOperatingtemperature:0to40degCapplyinnovationSlide2810/17/2019回转轴测量-RX10applyinnovationSlide2910/17/2019为什麼需要补偿?激光波长是高测量精度的基础。然而…..激光的波长会受到空气折射率的影响。空气折射率又受到大气压、温度和湿度的影响。虽然空气折射率对激光波长的影响不大,但是在高精度测量的情况下,补偿是非常必要的。applyinnovationSlide3010/17/2019环境补偿单元RenishawXC80环境补偿单元的高性能可以保证在0-40度环境温度范围内,和650-1150mbar的环境大气压范围内得到最高的测量精度。空气压力Accuracy:±1.0mbar湿度Accuracy:±6%空气温度Accuracy:±0.2°C材料温度Accuracy:±0.1°CapplyinnovationSlide3110/17/2019•监控4个参数:–空气温度\–空气压力波长补偿–相对湿度/–材料温度-材料补偿环境补偿单元Environmentaltemperature(degc)AccuracyppmLinearMeasurementaccuracy±0.5ppmSystemAccuracyXL-80System012345670510152025303540MaterialexpansionnormalisationaccuracyapplyinnovationSlide3210/17/2019如果没有补偿会产生哪些误差?-如下的变化会带来1ppm的变化:空气温度1degreeCelsius空气压力3.3mbar相对湿度(at20degreeCelsius)50%相对湿度(at40degreeCelsius)30%UncompensatedCompensatedLaserfrequency(0.05ppm)02468101214161820ErrorppmAltitude(100m)Airtemperature(25°C)Airhumidity(70%)Airpressure(970mbar*)ErrorsourceapplyinnovationSlide3310/17/2019材料温度补偿•在没有温控的环境下,最大的一个误差来源于机床的膨胀和收缩。•标准长度的控制温度是20ºC,所以需要一个修正,即:热膨胀补偿,或标准化。例如:–钢的热膨胀系数是12ppm/ºC–在20ºC下,一支1000mm的钢棒,在28ºC下,其长度将是1000+1000x12x8x10-6=1000.096mm.–但是激光的读数(热补偿后)将是1000.000mmapplyinnovationSlide3410/17/2019材料的热膨胀系数MaterialApplicationExpansioncoefficientppm/°Fppm/°CIron/steelMachinestructuralelements,rackandpiniondrives,ballscrews6.511.7AluminiumalloyLightweightCMMmachinestructures1222GlassGlassscalelinearencoders4.58GraniteMachinestructuresandtables4.58ConcreteMachinefoundations611InvarLowexpansionencoders/structures12ZerodurglassZeroexpansionencoders/structures0.10.2applyinnovationSlide3510/17/2019交流与答疑。
本文标题:激光干涉仪原理介绍
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