非谓语动词的时态和语态

非谓语动词的时态和语态不定式的时态与语态:1.不定式的时态与语态的基本形式（以do为例）主动语态被动语态一般式todotobedone进行式tobedoing无完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone完成进行式Tohavebeendoing无•不定式一般式的用法:•⑴表示将来,即表示发生在谓语动作之后的动作:•Wedecidedtoleaveearly.•Heaskedmetobuyhimsomepaper.•⑵表示与谓语动作同时发生或略先于谓语动作的动作:Whoheardhimsaythat?I’msorrytohearthat.不定式进行式的用法:⑴表示与谓语动作同时发生且正在进行的动作:Heseemstobesayingsomething.Heisthoughttobehidinginthewoods.⑵正如可用进行式表将来一样,不定式进行式有时也可表将来:Theoldmanseemstobedying.Hewashappytobecominghome.不定式的完成式.表示在谓语动作之前发出的动作。Thenovelwassaidtohavebeenpublished.Imeantohavetoldyouaboutit,butIforgottodoso.⑵表示过去未曾实现的愿望:Ishouldliketohavecomeearlier.Weweretohavebeenmarriedlastyear.（我们原打算去年结婚。）不定式完成进行式的用法:表示在谓语动作之前一直在进行的动作:Youseemtohavebeenwritingverylong.Thebattlewassaidtohavebeengoingonfortwodays.主动语态被动语态一般式todotobedone进行式tobedoing无完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone完成进行式Tohavebeendoing无分词的时态与语态:主动形式被动形式现在分词一般式doingbeingdone完成式havingdonehavingbeendone过去分词一般式done无•1.doing(一般式)表示的动作可以与谓语动作同时,也可以在谓语动作之前或之后,有时没有明确的先后关系:•⑴与谓语动作同时发生:•Hekeptsmiling.•EveryoneispracticingspeakingEnglish.⑵发生在谓语动作之后（固定用法）Headvisedleavingearly.Wouldyoumindopeningthewindow?⑶发生在谓语动作之前（固定用法）:Iremembermailingtheletter.⑷没有明确的先后关系（泛指、常理）:Teachingislearning.Learningaforeignlanguageisnoteasy.2.havingdone:动名词完成式主要表示发生在谓语动作之前的动作或状态:Heforgothavingpromisedtowriteher.Ihavenoideaofhishavingdonesuchathing.Theproblem____nextisofgreatimportance.Theproblem____nowisofgreatimportance.Theproblem____justnowisoftreatimportance.A.discussedB.beingdiscussedC.tobediscussed根据非谓自带的时间状语确定主动或被动的具体形式A______B__C___根据上下文的谓语动词与非谓动词发生的先后关系确定---LiMingissaid____abroad.Doyouknowwhatcountry---Yes,InLondon.A.tohavestudiedB.tostudyC.tobestudyingD.tohavebeenstudyinghestudiedin?hewillstudyin?hestudiesin?ABC1.Idon’tknowwhetheryouhappen________,(辽宁卷)A.tobeheardB.tobehearingC.tohearD.tohaveheard【分析】答案选D。hear发生在谓语don’tknow之前，用不定式的完成式。句意是：我不知道你是否已经听说过了，今年九月我要去美国学习。2.Theoldman,________abroadfortwentyyears,isonthewaybacktohismotherland.(江苏卷)A.toworkB.workingC.tohaveworkedD.havingworked【分析】答案选D。work发生在谓语(返回祖国)之前，用现在分词的完成式作状语，表示时间，相当于afterhehasworkedabroad…不定式作状语不能表示时间。3.LittleJimshouldlove________tothetheatrethisevening.(全国卷)A.tobetakenB.totakeC.beingtakenD.taking【分析】答案选A。句子主语LittleJim与take是被动关系，“被带去看戏”发生在“想(shouldlove=want)”后，所以用不定式的被动式作宾语。说明：①动词不定式用主动形式表被动含义的情况：在作表语或宾补的形容词后用状语时；作定语修饰have,therebe,this/that/these/thosebe等后面的名词或代词时；作表语的toblame等。如：1.Thetextisdifficulttolearn.这篇课文很难学。(tolearn主动表被动)2.Wefoundthetextdifficulttolearn.我们觉得这篇课文很难学。(tolearn主动表被动)3.Hewastoblameforthat.他因此受到了责备。(作表语的toblame主动表被动)②need,want和require表示“需要表示”，主语通常是物时，后面除用不定式的被动式外，也可用-ing形式的主动形式表示被动。如：Thereisanewprobleminvolvedinthepopularityofprivatecars________roadconditionsneed________.(上海卷)A.that;tobeimprovedB.which;tobeimprovedC.where;improvingD.when;improving【分析】答案选A。needimproving=needtobeimproved。that引导的从句与problem是同位语。