7消费者、生产者与市场效率(曼昆经济学原理微观)

7消费者、生产者与市场效率©2013CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword-protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse.PremiumPowerPointSlidesbyRonCronovich2012UPDATEN.格里高利.曼昆著经济学原理第六版©2013CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword-protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse.1*本章我们将探索这些问题的答案:•什么是消费者剩余？它与需求曲线有什么联系？•什么是生产者剩余？它与供给曲线有什么联系？•市场能使资源达到合意的配置吗？还是市场结果有改善的余地？©2013CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword-protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse.2*福利经济学资源配置涉及下述问题：每种物品分别生产多少？谁生产它们？谁消费它们？福利经济学：研究资源配置如何影响经济福利的一门学问首先，我们来看看消费者的福利©2013CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword-protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse.3*支付意愿一个买者对一种物品的支付意愿是他愿意为这种物品支付的最高量支付意愿衡量买者对于物品的评价人名支付意愿Anthony$250Chad175Flea300John125例如：4个卖者对于一个iPod的支付意愿©2013CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword-protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse.4*支付意愿与需求曲线问题:如果iPod的价格为$200,，谁会买它？会买多少？A:Anthony和Flea会买一个iPod，Chad和John不会买因此,Qd=2当价格为P=$200时人名支付意愿Anthony$250Chad175Flea300John125©2013CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword-protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse.5*支付意愿与需求曲线得出需求表4John,Chad,Anthony,Flea0–1253Chad,Anthony,Flea126–1752Anthony,Flea176–2501Flea251–3000没人$301及以上Qd谁会买P(iPod的价格)人名支付意愿Anthony$250Chad175Flea300John125©2013CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword-protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse.6*$0$50$100$150$200$250$300$35001234支付意愿与需求曲线PQPQd$301及以上0251–3001176–2502126–17530–1254©2013CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword-protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse.7*$0$50$100$150$200$250$300$35001234梯形图需求曲线看起来像一个梯形，有四个台阶—-每一个台阶代表一个买者。PQ如果像在竞争市场那样有许多买者那就会有很多小的台阶看起来就更像一条光滑的曲线©2013CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword-protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse.8*$0$50$100$150$200$250$300$35001234支付意愿与需求曲线在任意数量，需求曲线的高度代表边界买者的支付意愿边际买者：指如果价格再提高一点就首先离开市场的买者PQFlea的支付意愿Anthony的支付意愿Chad的支付意愿John的支付意愿©2013CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword-protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse.9*消费者剩余消费者剩余：买者愿意为一种物品支付的量减去其为此实际支付的量消费者剩余=支付意愿–市场价格人名支付意愿Anthony$250Chad175Flea300John125如果P=$260Flea的消费者剩余=$300–260=$40其他人没有消费者剩余，因为他们不会在这个价格下购买iPod总消费者剩余=$40©2013CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword-protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse.10*$0$50$100$150$200$250$300$35001234消费者剩余与需求曲线PQP=$260Flea的消费者剩余=$300–260=$40总消费者剩余=$40Flea的支付意愿©2013CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword-protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse.11*$0$50$100$150$200$250$300$35001234消费者剩余与需求曲线PQ如果P=$220Flea的消费者剩余=$300–220=$80Anthony的消费者剩余=$250–220=$30总消费者剩余=$110Flea的消费者剩余Anthony的消费者剩余©2013CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword-protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse.12*$0$50$100$150$200$250$300$35001234消费者剩余与需求曲线PQ总结：总消费者剩余等于需求曲线以下和价格以上的面积©2013CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword-protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse.13每双鞋的价格*0102030405060051015202530PQ$许多消费者的剩余与一条光滑的需求曲线对鞋的需求D千双当Q=5(千双),边际买者为每双鞋的支付意愿是$50如果P=$30.他的消费者剩余=$20.©2013CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword-protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse.14*0102030405060051015202530PQ许多消费者的剩余与一条光滑的需求曲线对鞋的需求D消费者剩余是买者愿意为一种物品支付的量减去其为此实际支付的量复习：三角形的面积=½x底x高高=$60–30=$30.所以CS=½x15x$30=$225h$©2013CengageLearning.AllRig