《工程力学A》课程教学大纲Title

1COMPARABILITYOFSAVINGANDPROFITRATIOSOECDNationalAccountsExpertsMeetingChateaudelaMuette,Paris7-10October2003汽车防盗器DiscussionofalternativehouseholdsavingmeasuresatOctober2002NAEMECB/OECDproject–Detailedexaminationofinstitutionalsectoraccountsfortheeuroarea,theUnitedStatesandJapanwithparticularemphasisonhouseholdsavingratios,profitratiosandinvestmentratiosScopeofthispaper–Householdsavingratios–Profitratios3HouseholdsavingratiosIssuesrelatingtothebasicmeasureofthehouseholdsavingratio–Grossornet?–IncludeNPISH?–Changeinnetequityofhouseholdsonpensionfunds–AdjustedhouseholddisposableincomeProposeddefinitionforuseinOECDStatisticalDatabases(includingAnnexTable24ofEconomicOutlook)Furtheradjustmentstothehouseholdsavingratio4StatisticalAnnexTable24,OECDEconomicOutlookReproducedasTable1-showshouseholdsavingratiosfor21membercountriesFootnotestothistableindicatedifferencesinthedatacurrentlybeingpublishedforvariouscountriesOECDEconomicsDepartmenttendstousemeasuresforthehouseholdsavingratioandothervariablesthatwillbereadilyrecognisedinthemembercountries–Hencewhatispublishedbymembercountriesintheirownnationalaccountshasaneffectoninternationalcomparability5GrossornethouseholdsavingNetisthepreferredmeasureOnlyusegrossifCOFCestimatesaredeficientDatafor7countriesiscurrentlyshowngrossRecommendation1:Itisrecommendedthatthesevencountries(Belgium,Denmark,Italy,Portugal,Spain,SwitzerlandandtheUnitedKingdom)includehouseholdsavingratiosintheirnationalaccountspublicationsonanetbasisinsteadof,orinadditionto,thegrossmeasures.6IncludeNPISHDatafor5countriescurrentlyexcludeNPISHRecommendation2:Intheinterestsofinternationalcomparabilityitisrecommendedthatthefivecountries(CzechRepublic,Finland,France,JapanandNewZealand)alsoincludehouseholdsavingratiosforhouseholdsincludingNPISHintheirnationalaccountspublications.7ChangeinnetequityofhouseholdsonpensionfundsCurrentdefinition:B8/(B6+D8)WhereB8=NethouseholdsavingB6=NethouseholddisposableincomeD8=ChangeinnetequityofhouseholdsonpensionfundsTable2provideshouseholdsavingratiosusingthisformulaanddatafromtheOECDannualSNA93databaseRecommendation3:Itisrecommendedthatcountriesthathaveanon-nilvaluefortheadjustmentforthechangeinequityofhouseholdsonpensionfunds(D8)shouldverifythattheirownsavingratiosareconsistentwiththisdefinition.8AdjustedhouseholddisposableincomeNewconceptsintroducedinSNA93–Collectiveandindividualconsumptionforgeneralgovernment–Socialtransfersinkind–Actualfinalconsumption–AdjustedhouseholddisposableincomeNewaccountinSNA93–UseofadjusteddisposableincomeaccountTheseenableamoreinternationallycomparablehouseholdsavingratiotobecomputed9Adjustedhouseholddisposableincome(cont)Nethouseholdsaving(B8)/[Netadjustedhouseholddisposableincome(B7)+Adjustmentforthechangeinequityofhouseholdsonpensionfunds(D8)]Table3provideshouseholdsavingratiosformembercountriesusingthisdefinitionandusingdatafromtheOECDannualSNA93database.Table4showsthedifferencesbetweenthismeasureandthecurrentmeasureforthehouseholdsavingratioshowninTable2.10ProposeddefinitionforthehouseholdsavingratioRecommendation4:ThehouseholdsavingratioforinclusioninOECDStatisticalDatabases(includingAnnexTable24oftheOECDEconomicOutlook)shouldbedefinedasfollows:Nethouseholdsaving(B8)/[Netadjustedhouseholddisposableincome(B7)+Adjustmentforthechangeinequityofhouseholdsonpensionfunds(D8)]TheratioshouldbecalculatedincludingNPISHforthepresent.11Proposeddefinitionforthehouseholdsavingratio(cont)Itisalsorecommendedthatcountriespublishthismeasureofhouseholdsavingintheirownnationalaccountspublicationsinadditiontothetraditionalmeasure.Question:Arethosecountriesthatpublishquarterlyhouseholdsavingratiosabletoprovideestimatesforindividualconsumptionforgeneralgovernmentonaquarterlybasis?12AdjustmentstothehouseholdsavingratioCapitalgainstaxesDirecttaxesversustaxesonproductionandimportsRealnetinterestpaymentsforhouseholdsHouseholddurablesPotentialandrealisedcapitalgains/lossesOtherissuesregardingpensionsTreatmentofunincorporatedenterprisesFinancialaccountsmeasure13Adjustmentstothehouseholdsavingratio(cont)StatisticsDirectorateisworkingtowardsalternativesavingmeasuresNeedtorecognisethelimitationsofsomeoftheproposedadjustmentssinceitcannotbeassumedthattheeconomicbehaviourofhouseholdswouldbeunaffectedifdifferentinstitutionalarrangementsactuallyexistedinparticularcountries.14CapitalgainstaxesProposedadjustment–Treatcapitalgainstaxesascapitaltransfersratherthancurrenttransfers–AddbackcapitalgainstaxestohouseholdsavingandhouseholddisposableincomeOECDpapertobediscussedunderagendaitem29–SeemsunlikelythatachangeinSNA93willberecommendedtotheISWGNAItemforcapitalgainstaxesaddedtoTable90015DirecttaxesversustaxesonproductionandimportsSavingisnotaffectedbythemixofthesetaxesbuthouseholddisposableincomeisHowadjust?–Replacetaxesonproductionetcbyincometaxes–Replaceincometaxesbytaxesonproductionetc–UseastandardmixoftaxesforallcountriesSuggestthefirstofthesealternatives–DeducttaxesonproductionetcfromHDIIssues–Taxe