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Chapter2:InternationalTradeTermsKeypoints:1.ComponentsofTradeTerms;2.Incoterms;3.FOB,CFR,CIF;4.ExamplesofTradeTermsinContracts;5.OtherTradeTerms.PartC:WordsandPhrasesQuestion:Whyaretradetermssoimportantininternationaltrade?PartA:TextI.ComponentsofTradeTerms1.TypeofCurrency2.PriceperUnit3.MeasurementUnit4.TradeTermsExample:₤100perdozenCIFLondon*Typeofcurrency:Howtochosetypeofcurrencyasasellerandbuyerrespectively?Answer:Ingeneral,hardcurrencyshouldbechosenforexportsandsoftcurrencyforimports.*Priceperunit:thepurchasingcostofthegoods;inlandfreight;packingexpenses;warehousing;commodityinspectionfees;exporttariffsandentryfees;agent’scommissions;oceanfreightandinsurancepremium;profitmargin.*Measurementunit:4typesofmeasurementsystemssuchas:metricsystem;longsystem;shortsystem;internationalsystem.*Tradeterm:differenttradetermsspecifyrights,obligations,interestsbetweenthesellerandbuyer.II.IncotermsQuestions:WhichinstitutionstipulatedtheIncoterms?Whenwasthenewesteditionpublished?Whatarethedifferencesamonglaws,internationalpactsandIncoterms?GroupEdepartureEXW-EXWorksGroupFMaincarriageunpaidFCA-FreeCarrierFAS-FreeAlongsideShipFOB-FreeonBoardGroupCMaincarriagepaidCFR-CostandFreightCIF-Cost,InsuranceandFreightCPT-CarriagePaidtoCIP-CarriageandInsurancePaidtoGroupDArrivalDAF-DeliveredatFrontierDES-DeliveredExShipDEQ-DeliveredExQuayDDU-DeliveredDutyUnpaidDDP-DeliveredDutyPaidAccordingtowhichcriteriadothesetradetermsdifferfromeachother?3points:Divisionofrisk;Divisionoffreightage,insurancepremiumApplicabletowhichkindofmodeofshipmentIII.FOB,CFR,CIF1.FOB:FreeonBoard(…namedportofshipment)Itmeansthatthesellerfulfilshisobligationtodeliverwhenthegoodshavepassedovertheship’srailatthenamedportofshipment.A.TheSellerMustB.TheBuyerMust2.CFR:CostandFreight(…namedportofdestination)Itmeansthatthesellermustpaythecostsandfreightnecessarytobringthegoodstothenamedportofdestinationbuttheriskoflossofordamagetothegoods,aswellasanyadditionalcostsistransferredfromthesellertothebuyerwhenthegoodspasstheship’srailattheportofshipment.A.TheSellerMustB.TheBuyerMust3.CIF:Cost,InsuranceandFreight(…namedportdestination)BasedonCFR,thesellerhastoprocuremarineinsuranceagainstthebuyer’sriskoflossofordamagetothegoodsduringthecarriage.A.TheSellerMustB.TheBuyerMustIV.ExamplesofTradeTermsinContractV.Anotherseveralkindsofinternationaltradeterms1.FreeCarrier(FCA)(…namedplace)2.CarriagePaidto(CPT)(…namedplacedofdestination)3.CarriageandInsurancePaidto(CIP)(…namedplacedofdestination)4.ExWorks(EXW)(…namedplace)5.FreeAlongsideShip(FAS)(…namedportofshipment)6.DeliveredatFrontier(DAF)(…namedplace)7.DeliveredExShip(DES)(…namedportofdestination)8.DeliveredExQuay(DEQ)(Dutypaid)(…namedportofdestination)9.DeliveredDutyUnpaid(DDU)(…namedplaceofdestination)10.DeliveredDutyPaid(DDP)(…namedplaceofdestination)案例一某出口公司按CIF伦敦向英商出售一批红枣,由于商品季节性较强,双方在合同中规定:“买方须于9月底前将信用证开到,卖方保证运货船只不得迟于12月2日驶抵目的港,如果货轮迟于12月2日抵达目的港,买方有权取消合同,如果货款已付,卖方将货款退还买方。”试分析这一合同的特点。解答本合同以附加条件改变所使用贸易术语实际意义。根据《2000年通则》对于CIF的解释,CIF属典型的象征性交货贸易术语,即卖方只要按期在约定的装运港完成装运并向买方提交符合合同规定的包括物权凭证在内的单据就算完成了交货义务,而无需保证到货。而本合同条文的规定明显是在要求卖方要实际交货,这跟CIF的涵义相矛盾。案例二我公司与外商按CIF成交一批出口货物。货物在合同规定的时间和装运港装船,受载船只在航运中触礁沉没。当我出口公司凭符合要求的单据要求国外进口商支付时,进口方以货物已全部损失不能得到货物为由,拒绝接受单据和付款。试问:进口方的做法是否正确?为什么?解答本案例中进口方的做法是不正确的。根据《2000年通则》对于CIF的解释,在CIF条件下,买卖双方的风险划分界限是在装运港的船舷,即货物越过装运港船舷前的风险由卖方承担,一旦货物越过了装运港的船舷则风险由买方承担。受载船只在航运中触礁沉没发生在货物越过装运港船舷之后,这种风险由买方承担。另外,象征性交货下卖方凭符合要求的单据收取货款,买方凭符合要求的单据支取货款。所以进口方应接受单据,支付货款。案例三某公司进口一批货物以FOB条件成交。结果在目的港卸货时,发现货物有两件外包装破裂,里面的货物有被水浸的痕迹。经查证,外包装是货物在装船时因吊钩不牢掉到船甲板上摔破的,因包装破裂导致里面货物被水浸泡。问:在这种情况下,进口方能否以卖方没有完成交货义务为由向卖方索赔?解答(1)进口方不能向卖方索赔。(2)按FOB条件成交,卖方应在规定的装运港和规定的时间将货物交于买方指派的船只上,完成交货义务。但卖方承担货物的风险从货物于装运港越过船舷时开始转移给买方。就本案例而言,包装物破裂不是在越过船舷前而是在越过船舷后发生的,该项损失按风险划分界限,理应由进口方自己承担。案例四我公司按EXW条件对外出口一批电缆。但在交货时,买方以电缆的薄纸不适宜出口运输为由,拒绝提货和付款。问:买方的行为是否合理?解答(1)买方的行为不尽合理。(2)按《2000年通则》解释,在EXW条件下,除非合同中有相反的规定,卖方一般无义务提供货物的出口包装。如果签约时已明确该货物是供出口的,并对货物的包装要求做了规定,则卖方应按规定提供符合出口需要的包装。(3)本案中,买方拒绝接受货物和支付货款时,并没有提出电缆的包装不符合合同规定,而只是提出包装不适合出口运输,这说明买卖双方在合同中就货物的包装问题没有做出明确的规定。哪么,按照《通则》解释,买方拒绝接受货物和拒绝支付货款显然理由不充分。案例五我某公司以CFR条件出口一批瓷器。我方按期在装运港装船后,即将有关单据寄交买方要求买方支付货款。过后,业务人员才发现,忘记向买方发出装船通知。此时,买方已来函向我方提出索赔,因为货物在运输途中因海上风险而损毁。问:我方能否以货物运输途中的风险是由买方承担为由,拒绝买方的索赔?解答(1)我方不能以风险划分界限为由拒绝买方的索赔要求。(2)按照CFR条件成交时,尽管货物在海运途中的风险已转移给卖方,买方为了保证自己在遭到风险时能够将损失减低,可以通过向保险公司办理货运保险手续;但是,买方能否及时办理保险,取决于卖方在装运港装船后是否及时向买方发出装船通知。按照有关惯例的解释,如果卖方未及时向买方发出装船通知,导致买方未能及时办理保险手续,由此而引起的损失由卖方负担。(3)本案中,很显然卖方未及时向买方发出装船通知,结果买方未办理保险手续,而货物却已因海上风险而损毁,故此,卖方理应对该项货物损失负责,而不能以风险已转移给卖方为由拒绝对方的索赔。Practice:Answerthefollowingquestions:1.Whatdotradetermsusuallyinclude?2.WhatkindofroledoesIncoterms2010playinainternationalsalescontract?3.CanyoudemonstratethedifferencesamongFOB,CFRandCIF?4.HowdoesCIPdifferfromCIF?Casestudy:AChineseimportingandexportingcompanywhichislocatedinthewestpartofChinaisplanningtoexport100TVs,whichtermdoyouthinkthatthecompanyshouldchooseforuseinsalescontract,i.e.FOBorFCA?
本文标题:国际营销chapter2
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