英文科技论文写作指导-result部分

Results•1.IntroductionofaResultsSection1.1typeofinformation1.2Aboutthetitle1.3Reasonsforwritingaresultssection1.1typeofinformation•Q:whattypeofinformationisgiveninthispart?•yourcommentsonwhatyoufoundorobserved•ratherthanjustgiveadescriptionofyourfindingsandobservations.1.2Aboutthetitle•varyindifferentdisciplines&indifferentjournal•sometimescalled‘Analysis’or‘DataAnalysis’.•fouroptionsforthesubtitlesfromthispointuntiltheendoftheresearchpaper---followingtableOption1Option2Option3Option4ResultsorDataAnalysisResultsorDataAnalysisResultsandDiscussionResultsorDataAnalysisDiscussionDiscussionDiscussionandConclusion(s)Conclusion(s)Conclusion(s)1.3Reasonsforwritingaresultssection•Inmostcases,theresults–begiveningraphs,tables,equationsorimages.•Why,then,shouldyoubothertowriteaResultssection?•Whynotsimplyprovidegood,cleargraphsortableswithgood,cleartitlesandperhapsafewnotesunderneatheach?reasonsforwritingaResultssection•1)someofyourresults–moreinterestingorsignificantthanothers–difficulttocommunicatethisinatableorgraph.•2)essentialtorelateyourresultstotheaim(s)oftheresearch.•3)offerbackgroundinformationtoexplain–whyaparticularresultoccurred–compareyourresultswiththoseofotherresearchers•4)yourresultsmaybeproblematic–someexperimentswerenotfullysuccessful–suggestpossiblereasonsforthis2.GrammarandWritingSkills2.1Sequence2.2Frequency2.3Quantity2.4Causality2.1Sequence•describetheorderandtimesequenceofwhatyoudidandfoundinaverypreciseway•Timesequence–helpyourreadertopictureitandrepeatit•howlongeachsteptook•whereitoccurredinthesequence2.2Frequency•Definition:howoftenaparticulareventorresultoccurred•reliableresult–ifaparticularresultoccurredoneveryoccasionatestwascarriedout•alessreliableresult–ifitsometimesoccurredwhenthetestwascarriedout2.3Quantity•Focus:whatthenumbersorquantitiesmean.•Resultsdonotspeakforthemselves!•resultsinnumbersorpercentages---alreadyvisibletoyourreaderinthegraphortable•Properwaystointerpretresults•1)usethelanguageintheFrequencylist1.•2)usequantitylanguagetocommunicateyourcommentsonthenumbers,levelsandquantitiesinthefigure•Quantitylanguagecanbeused–toreplacenumbers(many)–tocommentonnumbers(asmanyas45).••2.4Causality(因果关系）•representyourunderstandingoftherelationshipsbetweentheeventsyouobserved.•Typesandexamples•aclear/strongcausalconnection–cause,produce,bedueto•apartialcause–beafactorin,contributeto•theinitialorfirstcauseinacausalchain–originatein,initiate•aweakcausalconnection–berelatedto,link–Theseverbsandphrasesareindicatedbyanasterisk(*)inthelist.•Note1•beacauseoforaresultofsomething–otherfactorswerealsoinvolved,•bethecauseofortheresultofsomething–itistheonlycauseorresult.•Note2•xresultsfromy–xisaconsequenceofy•resultiny–yisaconsequenceofx•Note3•“xcausedy”---risky•becausetheymaybedisprovedatalaterstage•waystoreducetheresponsibilityofthewriterwhenmakingsuchcasualstatements.•★way1---weakenthecausalverb•xcausedyxwaslinkedtoy•List5(referencematerial)•★way2addafrequencyqualifier:•xoftencausedy•xcommonlycausedy•xrarelycausedy•★way3addaquantityqualifier:•xcausedyinmanycases•xcausedyinsomecases/tosomeextent•xcausedyinvirtuallyallcases•★way4addamodalverb:•xmayhavecausedy•xmighthavecausedy•xcouldhavecausedy3.WritingTask:BuildaModel•3.1Sampleanalysis(r.f.)•3.2Fourcomponentsofamodel•3.3Testingthemodel3.2Fourcomponentsofamodel•Activity:Buildamodelwithfourcomponents.Model1.Revisitingtheresearchaim/existingresearchRevisiting/expandingmethodologyGeneraloverviewofresults回顾研究目的或已有的研究回顾/扩展方法综述结果2.InvitationtoviewresultsSpecific/keyresultsindetail,withorwithoutexplanationsComparisonswithresultsinotherresearchComparison/swithmodelpredictions观看结果的邀请详细描述具体的或关键的结果、有或没有诠释与其他研究的比较与模型预测的比较3.Problemswithresults结果的缺陷4.Possibleimplicationsofresults结果的可能含义