高一年级定语从句语法讲解及练习

定语从句(Attributiveclause)概念:在复合句中修饰名词或代词的句子。(在句子中作定语)Tomisasmartboy.Tomisaboywhoissmart.形容词作定语句子作定语,修饰boy,叫定语从句Tomisaboywhoissmart.先行词关系词定语从句关系代词关系副词which,who,whom,whose,thatwhere,when，why关系代词的用法关系代词先行词功能备注that人或物主语或宾语关系代词作宾语时，可省略which物主语或宾语who人主语或宾语whom人宾语whose人或物定语*Thebook(which/that)theysentmeisverygood.*Themanwho/thatstoleyourcarhasbeenarrested.宾语主语*Theman(whom/that)Isawtoldmetocomehere.*Pleasepassmethedictionarywhosecoverisblack.宾语定语that和which用法的区别1.只能用that不能用which的情况(1)先行词为all,everything,nothing,something,anything,few,little,much等不定代词时。Iamsureshehassomething_____youcanborrow.(that)Doyouhaveanything_____youdon’tunderstand?(that)(2)先行词被all,any,each,few,every,no,some,little,much等修饰时。I’vereadallthebooks____youlendme.Pleasesendusanyinformation____youhaveaboutthesubject.thatthat(3)先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。Thisisthefirstbook____hehasread.thatItisthemostbeautifulcity____I’veeverseen.that(4)先行词被theonly,thevery,thesame,thelast修饰时。Thisistheverybook____belongstohim.thatHeistheonlyperson_____waspresentatthetime.that(5)先行词既有人又有物时。Shetookphotographsofthethingsandpeople_________shewasinterestedin.that(6)当主句是以which或who开头的特殊疑问句时。Whoisthegirl_____drovethecar?that2.只用which不用that的情况(1)关系代词在限制性定语从句中跟在介词后面，指物用which，指人用whom。Therearemanytrees___________theycanhavearest.Thisisthering_________shespent1,000dollars.underwhichonwhich(2)在非限制性定语从句中。Football,_______isaverypopulargame,isplayedallovertheworld.which关系代词只用that的情况1.先行词是everything,nothing,anything，something,much,little,none等不定代词2.先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰3.先行词被any,some,no,much,few,little,every,all,very,only,last等修饰4.先行词被theonly,thevery,thesame,thelast修饰时5.先行词中既有人又有物6.who/which等作先行词时1.在介词后面，指事物用which,指人用whom2.非限制定语从句中关系代词只用which的情况thatwaseightkilometreslongandthirtymetreswide1.Ahugecrack_____________________________________________________cutacrosshouses,roadsandcanals.2.Thenumberofpeople__________________________________reachedmorethan400,000.whowerekilledorseriouslyinjured3.Everywhere__________________nearlyeverythingwasdestroyed.(that)theylooked4.Then,laterthatafternoon,anotherbigquake_______________________________________shookTangshan.5.Thearmyorganizedteamstodigoutthose______________________________________.whichwasalmostasstrongasthefirstonewhoweretrappedandtoburythedead6.Workersbuiltsheltersforsurvivors_________________________________.whosehomeshadbeendestroyed注意：1.从句缺少主语或宾语，则用关系代词2.从句缺少状语，则用关系副词关系副词先行词功能when表时间的名词时间状语where表地点的名词地点状语why一般为reason原因状语关系副词的用法IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametothisschool.What’sthenameoftheplacewhereyouspentyourholidaylastyear?Thereasonwhyhewaslateforclasswasthathegotuplate.时间状语地点状语原因状语“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句定语从句中的介词有时可置于关系代词之前，形成“介词+关系代词”结构。关系代词通常是which和whom；which指物，whom指人。1.介词+which在所引导的定语从句中作时间状语、地点状语、原因状语等。关系副词在从句中的作用when(=at/in/on/during/…which)时间状语where(=in/at/…which)地点状语why(=forwhich)原因状语*I’llneverforgetthedaysonwhichwestudiedtogether.*ThisisthetowninwhichShakespearewasborn.*Canyouexplainthereasonforwhichyouwereabsent？2.“名词/代词/数词+介词+关系代词”结构常用来表示与先行词之间的从属关系，可以用whose结构代替。Pleasepassmethebook,thecoverofwhich/whosecoverisblue.Therearefiftystudentsinourclass,mostofwhomarefrombigcities.(1)看先行词与介词的搭配。Thebookhasopenedawindowthroughwhichwecanseeawonderfulworldoutside.(2)看从句谓语动词与介词的搭配。Theuniversityfromwhichhegraduatedissupposedtobeoneoftopuniversitiesintheworld.关系代词前介词的选择(3)看从句中形容词与介词的搭配。HerdaughterhasbeenadmittedintoBeijingUniversity,ofwhichsheisveryproud.(4)看定语从句的含义Nowherecouldhefindhisglasses,withoutwhichhecouldseenothing.在定语从句中“介词+which”结构不可以与普通关系代词或关系副词互换的情况。(1)介词+which结构在定语从句中所作状语不表示时间、地点、原因时。*There’sonlyoneproblemaboutwhichtheydisagree.(2)有些“动词+介词”短语，如lookfor,lookafter,takecareof等，如果介词提前将会失去动词短语的意义时，介词不能提前变成“介词+which”结构。*Thisistheverybook(that)Iamlookingfor.1.关系副词包括when，where，why,多数情况下相当于“介词+which”。2.where不在从句中作主语或宾语，why表原因，通常跟在reason后引导定语从句。3.who，that不能用于介词后，在固定短语中介词不能提前。