岩土工程师手册机场部分

ThispagehasbeenreformattedbyKnoveltoprovideeasiernavigation.24AirportsEVFinnCEng,FICE,FIStructE,FRSH,MIWEM,MConsERHRDouglasBSc(Eng),CEng,FICE,FIHT,MConsEandDJOsborneBSc(Eng),CEng,FICE,FIHT,MIWEM,MBIMSirFrederickSnowandPartnersContents24.1Introduction24/324.2Airportlocation24/324.2.1Basicconsiderations24/324.2.2Criteriaforcomparativeanalysisofsites24/324.3Standards24/524.3.1Airportreferencecodes24/524.3.2Runwaylength24/524.3.3Runwaywidth24/524.3.4Runwayverticalalignment24/524.3.5Runwaytransverseslopes24/624.3.6Taxiwaywidths24/624.3.7Taxiwayverticalalignment24/624.3.8Taxiwayminimumseparationdistances24/624.3.9Aprons–clearancedistances24/724.3.10Aprons–slopes24/724.3.11Obstructionsurfaces24/724.4Airportconceptandlayout24/824.4.1General24/824.4.2Runways24/924.4.3Runwaylength24/924.4.4Temperatureandelevationeffectonrunwaylength24/924.4.5Windeffectonalignment24/924.4.6Taxiways24/924.4.7Terminalarea24/1024.4.8Centralizedconcepts24/1024.4.9Decentralizedconcept24/1224.4.10Apronlayout24/1224.4.11Terminalbuildinglayout24/1424.4.12Carparkinglayout24/1424.4.13Airportaccess24/1424.4.14Ancillarybuildings24/1524.4.15Controltower24/1524.4.16Aproncontrol24/1524.4.17Aircraftcateringbuilding24/1524.4.18Cargoterminalbuilding24/1524.4.19Maintenancehangars24/1524.4.20Buildingsforelectricalandelectronicequipment24/1524.4.21Airfieldlighting24/1524.4.22Telecommunications24/1524.4.23Airportsecurity24/1524.5Trafficforecasts24/1524.6Aircraftpavements24/1624.6.1General24/1624.6.2Functionofaircraftpavements24/1624.6.3Generalrequirementsofanaircraftpavement24/1624.6.4Construction24/1624.6.5Choiceofconstruction24/1624.6.6Rigidpavements24/1624.6.7Compositepavements24/1824.6.8Flexiblepavements24/1824.6.9Overlaysofexistingpavements24/1824.6.10Pavementdesign,UKmethod24/1924.6.11Pavementdesign-FAAmethod24/2124.7Surfacewaterdrainagedesign24/2124.7.1General24/2124.7.2Drainageforrunways24/2124.7.3Taxiways24/2224.7.4Aprons24/2224.7.5Subsoildrainage24/22ThispagehasbeenreformattedbyKnoveltoprovideeasiernavigation.24.7.6Stillingponds24/2224.7.7Maindrainagechannels24/2224.8Ancillaryservices24/2224.8.1Aircraftsanitation24/2224.8.2Fuelinstallation24/2224.8.4Groundmovementsigns24/2224.8.5Crashandrescueservices24/2224.8.6Boundaryandsecurityfences,includingcrashaccess24/2224.9Definitions24/2324.9.1Aerodrome(airfieldorairport)24/2324.9.2Aerodromebeacon24/2324.9.3Aerodromeelevation24/2324.9.4Aerodromereferencepoint24/2324.9.5Aerodromereferencefieldlength24/2324.9.6Apron24/2324.9.7Barette24/2324.9.8Clearway24/2324.9.9Crosswindcomponent24/2324.9.10Instrumentapproachrunway24/2324.9.11Non-instrumentrunway24/2324.9.12Obstacle24/2324.9.13Runwayeffectiveslope24/2324.9.14Shoulder24/2324.9.15Stopway24/2324.9.16Strip24/2324.9.17Taxiway24/2324.9.18Threshold24/23References24/23Bibliography24/2424.1IntroductionTheplanninganddesignofanairportiscomplexandinvolvesspecialistsinairportplanning,trafficforecasting,aeronauticalgroundlighting,telecommunicationsandnavigationalaids,airtrafficcontrol,baggagehandling,andmanyotheractivities.Thedevelopmentofanairportwillinvolvearchitects,structural,electrical,mechanicalandtelecommunicationsengineers,plan-ners,economists,interiordesigners,quantitysurveyorsandotherspecialists,aswellascivilengineers.Traditionally,civilengineershaveplayedamajorroleinthedevelopmentofairportsandtheco-ordinationandmanagementofallthedisciplinesinvolved.Thisis,perhaps,becausesomanyaspectsofcivilengineeringhavealwaysbeeninvolved,suchasthedesignofloadbearingpavements,accessroadsandcarparks,surfacewaterdrainage,watersupply,fire-fightingmains,fouldrainage(includingsewagetreatment),aswellasmajorbuildingstructures.Airportshavebeenrequiredtocopewiththeincreaseinpassengertraffic,thenumberofaircraftmovements,andthesizeandweightofaircraft.Thecharacteroftheairporthasalsochanged,withgreateremphasisonsecurity,safety,comfortandconvenienceofpassengers,efficiencyandeconomicaloperation,andwiththeneedfortheinvolvementofmorespecialistsintheirplanninganddesign.Inordertoconsiderthecivilengineeringaspectsofanairportinperspective,referenceismadeinthischaptertothelocation,standardsandgeneralconceptsofairports,aswellastotheotherfacilitieswhichtogethermakeanairport.Onlythoseaspectsofcivilengineeringwhichareparticulartoairportsaredealtwithindetail.24.2Airportlocation24.2.1BasicconsiderationsThesiteselectedforanewairportdevelopmentmustbecapableofprovidingthelongestpossibleusefullifeinordertosecurethemaximumreturnonthelargeinvestmentswhicharerequiredforitsdevelopment.Manyfactorsrequireexaminationinordertodeterminethemostsuitablesite,butbeforeconsiderationisgiventothecriteriainvolved,itisnecessarytodefinethepurposeforwhichtheairportisrequired,andthesizeofthefacilitiestosuitthisrequirement.Theneedforanairportmightbebecause:(1)noneexistsanditisbelievedairserviceswillmeetaspecificphysicaloreconomicdemand;(2)anexistingairportcannotbeexpandedtomeetgrowingtraffic;or(3)anexistingsitehasbecomeenviron-mentallyunacceptable.Thefacilitiestobeaccommodatedandconsideredwillincludethelengthanddirectionofthe