Parenting-late-adulescent-and-emerging-adulthood青春

Parent-ChildRelationsandEducationDr.Bo(Pearl)Wu,HomeEconomicsParent-ChildRelationsinLateAdolescence&EmergingAdulthood青春期晚期和成年初显期•Dr.HUIHarryChi-chiuAssociateProfessor•=1271•Therelationshipbetweenindividualism-collectivismandsatisfactionattheworkplace.AppliedPsychology:AnInternationalReview,44,276-282.(Abstract)•TheshortenedIndividualism-CollectivismScale:Itsrelationshiptodemographicandwork-relatedvariables.JournalofResearchinPersonality,28,409-424.•Lateadolescence:17to24yrsold(roughly)青春晚期17岁到24岁•Emergingadulthood:18to25~29yrsold•成年初显期18到25或者29岁Fromsociety’sperspective,whatdoesitmeantobecomeanadult?从社会的视角看，成年意味着什么？Fromyourperspective,whatdoesitmeantobecomeanadult?从你的视角看，成年意味着什么？DoyouthinkyourselfanadultORnot?你认为自己是成年人了吗？Arnett,J.(2001).Conceptionsofthetransitiontoadulthood:Perspectivesfromadolescencethroughmidlife.JournalofAdultDevelopment,8,133-143HaveyoureachedadulthoodYesNoYes/No成年人？Adolescents(averageage16)19%33%48%青少年Emergingadults(averageage24)46%4%50%成年初显期Young-midadults(averageage42)86%2%12%成年人Arnett’s(2001):AdulthoodcriteriaintheUS•Acceptsresponsibilityforconsequencesofone’saction为自己行为的后果负责•Decidesone’sownbeliefs/valuesindependentofothers独自决定自己的价值观•Establishesrelationshipwithparentsasequals与父母建立平等的关系•Financiallyindependentofparents经济独立Summaryoffindings(Arnett,2001):•Psychologicalcharacteristics—responsibilityandindependency(financial)责任感与独立性•Self-controlandself-regulation—nodrunkdriving,usingcontraceptives,noshoplifting自我克制与自我管理•Capacityofprotectingafamilyandmanagingahousehold保护与管理家庭Rolemarkers(marriage,havingachild,orbuyingahome)areNOTfrequentlymentioned但是，结婚，生子，买房，很少被认为是成年标准。Whatisemergingadulthood?什么是成年初显期？Dr.JeffreyArnett(office)[e-mail].J.(2000).Emergingadulthood:Atheoryofdevelopmentfromlateteensthroughthetwenties.AmericanPsychologist,55.469-480.EmergingAdulthoodisonelifeperiodwhichischaracterizedbyanongoingexplorationofandexperimentationwithpossiblelifedirectionsamongyoungpeople.年轻人对自己可能的生活方向，这样一个持续的探索和试验的生活阶段。Emergingadulthoodmaylastfromageof18tomid-to-latetwentiesintheWesternsocieties.西方社会中，成年初显期是18岁到25岁或29岁。Arnett,J.&andTanner,J.(Eds.)(2006).EmergingadultsinAmerica:comingofageinthe21stcentury.Washington,DC:AmericanPsychologicalAssociationCharacteristicsofemergingadulthood:•Exploration,ofthelong-termrelationshipandcareer探索•Instability,ofrelationships,employment,educationstatus,andresidence不稳定•Self-focus,withmoreindependentdecisionsoncareer,relationship,education,andworldviewsandlesssocialcontrolthroughlegal,parental,andschoolsupervision;自己关注•Feelingin-between,withambiguousfeelingofadultstatus(neitheradolescentnoradult)夹层感•Feelingfullofpossibilities,intermsofchancestomakedramaticlifechangesandhavinganoptimisticviewtowardlife.充满各种可能=9288977Ethnicemergingadults•AfricanAmericans非洲裔美国人•Latinos拉丁美洲裔美国人•AsianAmericans亚裔美国人Theycombinetheindividualisticviews(independence)withagreatemphasisonobligationtowardsothers(interdependence)drawnfromvaluesoftheirownsubculturesEmergingadultsinreligiousgroups宗教信仰ThemembersofreligiousgroupsintheWesternsocietiesmayhavebeliefsandpracticeswhichleadtoashortenperiodofemergingadulthood.SuchasMormons.•Underglobalization,emergingadulthoodmightextendtowealthierareasindevelopingcounties(Arnett,2000)•随着全球化，成年初显期可以在发展中国家的发达地区出现(Arnett,2000)EmergingadulthoodinChinaChina:Areyouanadult?(Nelson,Badger,&Wu,2004)In2001,asurveyof207collegestudentsinBeijing(18-23yrs)•35%“notsure”(66%)•59%“yes”(28%)•6%“no”(6%)In2008surveyon590collegestudents(19-23yrs)•morethan50%“notsure”•fewer“yes”•fewer“no”China:(Nelson,Badger,&Wu,2004)AdulthoodcriteriaforChinesecollegestudents•Acceptresponsibilityfortheconsequencesofyouractions为自己行为的后果负责•Havegoodcontrolofyouremotions控制情感•Financiallyindependentfromparents经济独立•Becomelessself-oriented,developgreaterconsiderationforothers更多的考虑别人China:(Nelson,Badger,&Wu,2004)•Chineseyoungpeopleemphasisbothindependencyandinterdependencyasadulthoodcriteria中国年轻人的成年标准，同时强调独立性与相互依赖性Collegestudentswhodefineadulthoodas“self-governance”arelikelytohavehighself-esteem.强调自我管理的年轻人，有着更高的自尊。Americansocietytendsto•Exposechildrentheadultworldatayoungeragethanbefore•DELAYfullentryintoadulthood•Createanextendedperiodthatisneitheradolescencenoradulthoodwhenindividualsarerelativelyindependentfromtheirparentsbutarenotyetcommittedspousesorpartners,andtheyoftencontinuehigheducationandpreparingfortheircareers.•Thepathtoadulthoodmayvaryconsiderably.Familyeconomicresourceisonefactor.Forlower-resourcefamilies:对于资源少的家庭来说，Adolescentsmayenteradulthoodearlierthroughtakingoneither(orboth)oftworoles:–bytakingontheroleofparent.Grandparentsmaycontinuetoprovideresources(livingspace,childcare,etc.)andmaintainatight-knitrelationshipwiththeirchildandgrandchild.–bytakingontheroleofworkerandcontributingtothefamilyfinance.Forhigher-resourcefamilies:对于资源多的家庭来说，•Thepathtoad