专业英语-4-无机物命名)

ChemicalNomenclaturesystemusedtonamechemicalsubstances.typeofatomsthatcomprisethesubstancethecompositionofthesubstanceThetypeofatomsthatcomprisethesubstanceNameofcompoundindicatesTohavethecorrectnameofacompoundyoumustknowitsformula.Formulaunitisthesimplestunitindicatedbytheformulaofanioniccompound.Italsoindicatesthesmallestsampleofanioniccompoundthathasthecharacteristicsofthecompound.Thenumberofatomsforeachelementinacompoundisindicatedbyprefixes:InorganiccompoundsOrganiccompoundsNomenclatureofcompoundStockSystemIUPACSystemTraditionalnameNomenclatureofInorganicCompoundsSometerminologiesIonsAnionpolyatomicion•singleatomwithachargedmonoatomic•HasanegativechargeCation•Hasapositivecharge•ContainsmultipleatomsBinaryIoniccompoundBinarymolecularcompoundBinaryAcidmetalandnonmetal/NaClTernaryioniccompoundthreeelements,atleastonemetalandonenon-metal/KNO3twoelementsthatarebothnonmetals/H2O.aqueoussolutioncontaininghydrogen,anonmetalandandoxygen/H2SO4.aqueoussolutionofacompoundcontaininghydrogenandoneotherelement/HClTernaryoxyacidIonscationsanionsPartICorrespondingacidsbinaryoxyacidsPartIICompoundsPartIIIBinarycovalentAcidsaltsionicoxygensubstitutedbinarysaltshydratesbasicsaltsMixedsaltsPartI-ions•Monatomicions：•Ionsformedfromasingleatom•Polyatomicions:•atomsjoinedtogetherasamolecule,buttheyhaveanetpositiveornegativecharge•Cations:•PositivechargedIons•Anions:•NegativechargedionsPartIAPartIBPartICPartIDPartI-ACations---Monoatomiccations•RulesI:Cationsformedfrommetalatomshavethesamenameasthemetal–Examples:•Na+Zn2+•sodiumion,zincion•RulesII:TransitionmetalwithMultiplecharges–StockSystem:•nameofthemetal,romannumeralindicatingcharge,plus“ion”:–Traditionalnames:•“ous”or“ic”ending（Latinnames）withrespectdifferentvalencesTraditionalnamesFerrousFerricStannousStannicPlumbousPlumbicCuprousCupricMercurousMercuricStocksystemFe(II)ionFe(III)ionSn(II)ionSn(IV)ionPb(II)ionPb(IV)ionCu(I)ionCu(II)ionHg(I)ionexistsonlyasHg22+Hg(II)ionPartIBCations---Polyatomiccations•Rule:Cationsformedfromnonmetalionshavenamesthatendin–ium–NH4+,ammonium–H3O+,hydronium,activeformofacidinwaterPartI——IRONS•Commoncationstobememorized.PartICAnions---MonoatomicIons•Rule:namesformedbyreplacingtheendoftheelementwith–ide:–H-hydrideion–O2-oxideion•Diatomicanionswith–ideending–hydroxideOH-–cyanideCN-–PeroxideO22-PartI——IRONSMonatomicanions——-ideending•-4C4-carbideSi4-•silicide•-3N3-nitrideP3-phosphideAs3-arsenide-2O2-oxideS2-sulfideSe2-selenideTe2-telluride-1H-hydrideF-fluorideCl-chlorideBr-bromideI-iodide•Polyatomicoxyanions：–Anionscontainingoxygeninadditiontoanotherelements•RuleI:Polyatomicanionscontainingoxygenhavenamesendingin–ateor-ite.–Theending–ateisusedforthemostcommonoxyanionofanelement.•NO3-nitrate•SO42-sulfate–Theending–ite/lessoxygencomparedwith–ate•NO2-.Nitrite•SO32-SulfitePartID---PolyatomicIons•RuleI:Iftheoxyanioncontainsfourmembersthanaprefixisused:–Perindicatesonemoreoxygenatomthantheoxyanionendingin–ate.–Hypo–indicateslessoxygenatomthantheoxyanionendingin–ite.Therootofthename(suchas“chlor”forchlorine)goesintheblank.hypo---ite(次)--ite(亚)---ate(正)Per---ate(高)FewestoxygenatomsFeweroxygenatomsCommon/representativeoxyanionsMostoxygenatomsClO-ClO2-ClO3-ClO4-BrO-BrO2-BrO3-BrO4-IO-IO2-IO3-IO4-PO23-PO33-PO43-NO2-NO3-SO32-SO42-CO32-GroupIII(-3)GroupIV(-2)GroupV(-3exceptN)GroupVI(-2)GroupVII(-1)BorateBO3-3CarbonateCO3-2NitrateNO3-1NitriteNO2-1PhosphatePO4-3PhosphitePO3-3SulfateSO4-2SulfiteSO3-2ChlorateClO3-1ChloriteClO2-1ArsenateAsO4-3ArseniteAsO3-3SelenateSeO4-2SeleniteSeO3-2BromateBrO3-1BromiteBrO2-1TellurateTeO4-2TelluriteTeO3-2IodateIO3-1IoditeIO2-1•RuleII:–AnionsderivedbyaddingH+toanoxyanionarenamedbyaddingasaprefixthewordhydrogenordihydrogenasappropriate:•CO32-•carbonateion•HCO3-•hydrogencarbonateion•PO43-•phosphateion•H2PO4-•dihydrogenphosphateionOldersystemusesbiforaddingahydrogen:•HCO3-bicarbonateionPO43-HPO42-H2PO4-PO33-H2PO3-HS-phosphatehydrogenphosphatedihydrogenphosphatephosphitedihydrogenphosphitehydrogensulfideorbisulfideOther–2PolyatomicAnionsPeroxide,O22-,H2O2dichromate,Cr2O72-Thiosulfate,S2O32-Disulfide,S22-PartIIPolyatomicanionsandtheircorrespondingacidsPartIIAPartIIBGaseousstatesHCl(g)hydrogenchlorideHCN(g)hydrogencyanideH2S(g)hydrogensulfidePartIIABinaryacids(simpleacids)RuleI:Theprefixhydro-indicatesthehydrogenandsufix–ideforanionischangedinto-icPartIIBPolyatomicOxyanionsandcorrespondingacidsRuleII:Suffix–ateforanionischangedinto–ic;Suffix–iteforanionischangedinto–ous;Theprefixesper-andhypo-areretainedingoingfromtheaniontotheacid.anionacidionssilicate,SiO44-Phosphate,PO43-Arsenate,AsO43-charge-4-3correspondingacidssilicicacid,H4SiO4Phosphoricacid,H3PO4ArsenicAcidH3AsO4ExamplesCarbonate,CO32-Sulfate,SO42-Sulfite,SO32-Chromate,CrO42-Carbonicacid,H2CO3Sulfuricacid,H2SO4Sulfurousacid,H2SO3Chromicacid,H2CrO4-2Hydroxide,OH-Cyanide,CN-Perchlorate,ClO4-Chlorate,ClO3-Chlorite,ClO2-Hypochlorite,ClO-Nitrite,NO2-Nitrate,NO3-Acetate,C2H4O2--1Hydrocynicacid,HCNPerchloricacid,HClO4Chloricacid,HClO3Nitrousacid,HNO2Aceticacid,C2H4O2Chlorousacid,HClO2Hypro