Academic-English-Is-business-bad-for-science

1Text3bIsbusinessbadforscience?Thistextisbasedonanarticlefromanonlinenewsletter,I-sisNews,whichlooksfurtherintocommercialpressureonscientificresearch.Task9PredictingtextcontentPredictingthecontentofatextwillhelpyoureadwithmorespeedandfluency.Itmayalsohelpyouidentifythewriter'spurposeandrecognisenewknowledge.9.1Thinkaboutthetitle:Isbusinessbadforscience?a.Discusswhybigbusinessmightequalbadsciencewithanotherstudent.b.Addfourmorereasonswhybusinesscanbebadforscience.1,pressuretocompleteresearchtooquickly2.3.4.5.9.2Suggestonereasonwhysciencecanbebadforbusiness.9.3NowreadtoseeifyourideaswerethesameasthoseinText3b.Whileyouarereading,youcanalsotimeyourself.Notethetimebeforeyoubeginreadingandnoteitagainwhenyouhavefinished.Thereare1,300wordsinthetext.Studytip:Predictinginvolvesusingtheknowledgeyoualreadyhaveaboutatopictohelpyouunderstandatextyouaregoingtoreadonthattopic.9.4Tick(√)astatementthatmostcloselyreflectsthewriter'sviewpoint.1.Scientificresearchneedstobecarriedoutinamorebusinesslikeway.2.Thepublicisnotgainingadequatebenefitfromresearchaimedatdevelopingnewdrugs.3.Thereisaseriousconflictbetweeninvestors'interestsandappropriatescientificpractice.4.Scientistsanduniversitieshaveverylimitedcommercialsense.Discussyourviews.Task10ComparingtextsandreadingfordetailsYouhavenowreadtwotextsontherelationshipbetweenbusinessandscientificresearch.10.1Thinkaboutthetwotextsyouhavereadonthesametopic:therelationshipbetweenbusinessandscientificresearch.Arethereanysignificantdifferencesbetweenthem?Summariseyouranswerandthenexplainittoanotherstudent.10.2Re-readText3bandcompletetheshort-answerquestions.1.Whichareaofscientificresearchisthefocusofthistext?2.WhowerethedelegatestotheLondonconferencein2001?3.WhywasOlivieriethicallyopposedtocertainresearch?4.NamethetwosortsofresearchmentionedbyZiman.25.WhichtypeofresearchdidWeatherallappeartofavour?6HowdidWeatherallthinkthatscientificresearchcouldbeprotected?7.WhattermdidMonbiotusetodescribetypicalgovernmentattitudestoresearch?8.IdentifythephraseMonbiotusedtodemonstratewhathewantedscientiststodo.9.WhowrotethereportabouttheLondonconference?10.WhatconcerndidPisanoexpressaboutscience'srelationshipwithbusiness?10.3SelectpartsofthetextthatseemverysimilartoorverydifferentfromText3a.Youcouldusedifferentcolourstohighlightsimilaranddifferentinformation.Task11ScanningandclosereadingAcademictextsoftencontainreferencestoexpertswithintherelevantfield.InText3b,theopinionsofanumberofacademicsandscientistsarementioned.11.1Readthebriefsummariesbelow.Thenscanthetextforinformation,matchingeachopiniontotherelevantexpert.a.Selecttheexpertsinvariousaresfromthefollowinglist:Pisano,Oliveri,Ziman,Weatherall,Monbiot,SaundersandMae-WanHo.Note:Insomecases,morethanoneexpertmaybelinkedtoasummary.b.Scanthetexttofindinformationwhichrelatestothesummariesbelowandcompletethetable.1.Researchinstitutionsclearlyneedoutsidefunding,butatthesametimetheyneedtoguardagainstexploitationbybusinessinterests.2.Onlyafewbusinessenterpriseshavemadesignificantfinancialgainfromfundingmedicalresearch.3.Governments,businesses,institutionsandscientistsshouldallsharesomeblameforconductinginappropriatescientificresearch.4.Scientificresearchshouldservetheinterestsofsocietyasawhole,notjustthefew.5.Somedrugcompaniesareguiltyofpromotingmedicalmalpracticebyconcealingtheresultsoftheirfundedresearch.6.Thebiotechindustrycannotbemanagedinthesamewayasothermodernindustries.7.Fundingofresearchisoftenmisdirectedinordertosuittheaimsofbusinessorgovernmentinterests.3Task12IdentifyingandusingreportinglanguageThetextcontainsaninterestingrangeofreportinglanguage.Thisisthewaythatthewritertellsthereader,i.e.,reports,whatthevariousexpertsreferredtointhetextsaidorwroteabout.ThefirstspeakerattheLondonconferencewhoisreportedinthiswayisProfessorJohnZiman.Notethevariousways,inParagraphS,inwhichthewriterofthetextreportsZiman'sideas:1.thelateJohnZiman…whocategorisedresearchas…(lines75-78)2.Zimandescribedinstrumental…(line89)3.Zimannotedthatalthoughnon-instrumental…(lines96-97)4.Zimanarguedthat…(lines106-107)12.1ItisimportanttorecognisethedifferentwaysthatZiman'sviewpointisexpressedinthisparagraph.Lookatthelistofreportinglanguageaboveandidentifywhethereachoneisdirectorindirectreporting.Tick(√)theappropriatecolumninthetablebelow.Keyreadingskills:IdentifyingreportingLanguageBeingabletoidentifyreportinglanguagewillhelpyoureadmoreeffectivelyandwillhelpyouwriteacademictextssuchasessays,reportsanddissertations.Studytip:Verbssuchashighlight,assertandputforwardareusedinacademictextstoreportideasandopinions.Learningsuchreportinglanguagewillhelpyouracademicwriting.12.2Readthroughtheremainderofthetextandhighlightmoreexamplesofreportinglanguage.Youmaybeabletofindupto20differentexamplesinthecompletetext.Discusstheseexamplesanddecidewhichofthemyoumightbeabletouseinyouracademicwriting.12.3LookbackattheopinionsofacademicsinTask11.Usingdifferentreportingverbs,practisereportingwhatvariousexpertssaidaboutscientificresearch.4Trytoavoidusingthesameverbastheoneusedintheoriginaltext.Example:V}leath