Romanticism-and-Wordsworth

RomanticisminEnglandandWilliamWordsworthGeneralIntroduction1.TheromanticperiodinEngland:beganin1798withthepublicationofWordsworthandColeridge’sLyricalBallads《抒情歌谣集》andendedin1832withSirWalterScott’sdeathandthepassageofthefirstReformBillintheParliament.ThefeatureofBritainRomanticism---dissatisfactionwiththesociety---focusonspiritualandemotionallifeofman---aimtopersonifiedNaturebysymbolicmethod---poetryisthemainmediumofromanticism---tookinterestinfolkstoryandnationalculture.Thecharacteristicsofromanticism:passion,emotion,andnaturalbeautyImagination,Mystery.Romanticism(literature),amovementintheliteratureofvirtuallyeverycountryofEurope,theUnitedStates,andLatinAmericathatlastedfromabout1750toabout1870,characterizedbyrelianceontheimaginationandsubjectivityofapproach,freedomofthoughtandexpression,andanidealizationofnature.Thetermromanticfirstappearedin18th-centuryEnglishandoriginallymeantromancelike“thatis,resemblingthefancifulcharacterofmedievalromances.•Somepoliticalwritersoftheday:•1.EdmundBurke(埃德蒙·伯克)：•ReflectionsontheRevolutioninFrance•《关于法国革命的反思》(1790)•2.ThomasPaine(托马斯·潘恩)：•TheRightofMan•《人权》（1791—1792）•3.WilliamCobbett:•PoliticalRegister•《政记》（1802—1835）ThedominantsubjectsoftheRomanticperiod:Spontaneousfeelings:thewealandwoe(祸福)ofordinary,unculturedpeasants,thejoyorsorrowofchildren,thegloryoflakesandmountains，wondersofthefairyworldandthesplendoroftheGreekart.TwoschoolsoftheRomanticpoets:1.Passive/escapistromanticists:RepresentedbyWordsworth（华兹华斯）,Coleridge（柯勒律治）andSouthey(骚塞).2.Activeromanticists:RepresentedbyByron（拜伦）,Shelley（雪莱）andKeats（济慈）.1.Passive/escapistromanticists:RepresentedbyWordsworth,ColeridgeandSouthey.Theyreflectedthethinkingofclassesruinedbybourgeoisie,protestedagainstcapitalistdevelopment,andturnedtothefeudalpast.Theywerefrightenedbythecomingofindustrialismandthenightmaretownsofindustry;theywereturningtonatureforprotection.以华兹华斯、柯勒律治、骚塞等“湖畔诗人”（“LakePoets”）为代表的消极浪漫主义诗人愤世嫉俗，忧郁失望，作品以歌吟湖光山色和田园风光为主。2.Activeromanticists:RepresentedbyByron,ShelleyandKeats.Theyexpressedtheaspirationsoftheclassescreatedbycapitalismandheldoutanideal,thoughavagueone,ofafuturesocietyfreefromoppressionandexploitation.以拜伦、雪莱、济慈等为代表的积极浪漫主义诗人则充满破除封建束缚的革命激情和向往新生活的崇高理想。作品强调自由平等和个性解放，充满瑰丽的想象和奔放的热情。•Thecommonpointsofthesetwoschools:•①视大自然为“美”、“生命”及“理想境界”的象征,能从美丽的景色中感悟人生的真谛,透视生活的本质揭示永恒的真理。•②注重从民间传说和通俗歌谣中汲取创作素材。•③认为诗歌不只是反映理性观念的镜子，更是表达个人情感与展示想象力的艺术工具。诗歌的格律也跳出了传统规范的制约，更加舒展、自由、灵活。Romanticpoetry:Theromanticperiodisanageofpoetry.WilliamBlakeandRobertBurns;WilliamWordsworth,SamuelTaylorColeridge,GeorgeGordonByron,PercyByssheShelleyandJohnKeatsRomanticprose:Lamb,Hazlitt,DeQuinceyandHunt.TwomajornovelistsoftheRomanticperiod:⒈JaneAusten(1775-1817)(WomenLiterature)2.WalterScott.(ThefirstmajorhistoricalnovelistinEnglishliterature)Gothicnovel:Atypeofromanticfictionthatpredominatedinthelateeighteenthcentury,wasonephaseoftheRomanticMovement.Itsprincipalelementsareviolence,horror,andthesupernatural,whichstronglyappealtothereader’semotion.Poeticaldrama:雪莱的《解放了的普罗米修斯》（PrometheusUnbound）和《钦契一家》(TheCenci)（1819）、拜伦的《曼弗雷德》（Manfred）（1817）等。☆Exercise-----Searchingtherelatedknowledge:1.Movementofenclosures2.HolyAlliance3.thebattleofWaterloo4.PeterlooMassacre☆ConclusionofChapter1:一个时期、两个流派、三个政论作家、四个名词解释、五种文体。AuthorsofThe19thCenturyIWordsworth,William(1770-1850)Allgoodpoetryisthespontaneousoverflowofpowerfulfeelings.----WilliamWordsworthWilliamWordsworth(1770-1850)LifeandAchievements:◆wasbornonApril17th,1770inCockermouth,Cumberland.坎伯兰郡◆losthismotherwhenhewaseightandsixyearslaterhisfather.◆enteredalocalschoolandcontinuedhisstudiesatC.U.,fromwherehetookhisB.A.in1791.◆composedhisfirstmasterwork,LyricalBallads.◆wrotealargeandphilosophicalautobiographicalpoem,andpublishedposthumouslyunderthetitleThePrelude.◆marriedMaryHutchinsonin1802,withwhomhecaredforhisbelovedandneuroticsisterDorothyforthelast20yearsofherlife.◆In1805hesufferedagrievouslosswhenhisbrotherJohnwentdownwithhisshipinthewatersoftheEnglishChannel.(adelightfulexperiencetofulfillaresponsibility)◆In1843wasnamedpoetlaureate.◆diedonApril23,1850whenhewas80.WilliamWordsworth(1770-1850)威廉·华兹华斯（WilliamWordsworth，1770-1850），生于英国坎伯兰郡的水乡科克茅斯。家乡的山山水水、花草树木，陶冶了他的性情，成为其日后创作的重要背景与源泉。他毕业于剑桥大学圣·约翰学院，获文学学士。早年他受法国革命和启蒙主义思想影响，同情革命和社会改革，为此写过一些充满民主思想的诗篇，但后来他的思想发生了剧变。1798年他同柯勒律治合作出版了有名的《抒情歌谣集》（LyricalBallads），该诗集第二版的“序”被认为是英国浪漫主义的宣言。华兹华斯认为，诗歌是“强烈感情的自然流露”，提出废止古僻生涩的诗歌用语，改用通俗生动的民间歌谣和口语语汇的主张，引起了强烈的反响。他的著名诗作有《丁登寺杂咏》（LinesComposedaFewMilesAboveTinternAbbey,1798）、《不朽颂》（Ode:IntimationsofImmortality,1807）、《孤独的收割女》（TheSolitaryReaper,1805）、组诗《露茜》（LucyPoems,1799）、自传体长诗《序曲》(ThePrelude,1798-1839)等。1843年已是古稀之年的华兹华斯被封为“桂冠诗人”。晚年他一直住在乡村湖区，直到去世。华兹华斯在诗歌创作上摈弃了18世纪诗歌风格上的因袭和滥调，采用民间朴素、生动的语言来直接表达感情。他特别擅长歌颂优雅恬静的自然景物，喜爱描绘在大自然中活动的普通人形象。他的诗歌格调清新、形象生动、语言质朴，对英国诗坛的变革产生了深远的影响，享有“自然诗人”的美誉。•MajorPoems:•AnEveningWalk黄昏漫步（1793）•LyricalBallads抒情歌谣集（1798）(WeAreSeven)•LucyPoems露茜组诗（1799）•TotheCuckoo致杜鹃（1802.3）•IWonderedLonelyasaCloud/Daffodils独自云游/我如行云独自游(1804）•TheSolitaryReaper孤独的收割者（1805）•OdeonIntimationsofImmortality不朽颂(1807)•MyHeartLeapsUp我心雀跃（1802-1807