lexicology期末复习

1PrefaceTworespectsoflinguistics:wordsandwordequivalents.Thescopeoflexicology:development,structure,formation,meaningandusageofwordsandwordsequivalents.ChapterOne:ageneralsurveyofEnglishvocabularyThedefinitionofword:(1)Awordisaminimumfreeform.(Bloomfield)a.Classicalstatement;b.Itholdsgoodandcanbeappliedtomostcases;c.Thereareexceptions;notallwordscanoccurinisolation;d.Doesnottouchuponmeaning.(2)Awordisdefinedbytheassociationofagivensensewithagivengroupofsoundscapableofagivengrammaticaluse.(AntoineMeillet)a.Acombinationofmeaningandsoundwithspecialemphasisongrammaticaluse;b.Usefulbutdoesn’tincludetheconceptofwordastheminimalfreeform.(3)Awordmaybedefinedasafundamentalunitofspeechandaminimumfreeform;withaunityofsoundandmeaning(bothlexicalandgrammaticalmeaning),capableofperformingagivensyntacticfunction.(4)Wordsarealsoeitherspokenorwritten.1.TheDevelopmentofEnglishVocabulary(historicaldevelopmentandrapidgrowth)Vocabularyisthebuildingmaterialofalanguage----Stalin:MarxismandProblemsofLinguisticsA.EnglishvocabularyasviewedinthehistoricalperspectiveOldEnglish(OE)OrAnglo-Saxon(AS)(449-1100)a.ThelanguageofAngles,Saxons,andtheJutesreplacedCeltic;b.containsfiftyorsixtythousandwords;c.chieflyAnglo-SaxonwithasmallmixtureofOldNorse;d.borrowfromLatin(especiallyaftertheintroductionofChristianityintoBritainin597,Bible).MiddleEnglish(ME)(1100-1500)a.ThestronginfluenceofFrenchbecauseoftheNormanConquestin1066b.RulingclassisFrench-speakingNormans;themassescontinuetospeakEnglish;c.Totheendof15thcentury,Englishbecomeoncemorethelanguageofthewholecountry;d.Latinwordscontinuetocomein,butinsmallnumbers.ModernEnglish(1500--present)a.1500-1700,Renaissance,stressonstudyofclassics,wordsborrowingfromLatin;b.borrowingGreekwordsindirectlythroughthemediumofLatin;c.introducessomeGreekwordsdirectlyintoEnglishvocabulary.Englishborrowswordsfroma.3Romancelanguages:French,SpanishandItalianb.Europeanlanguages:Portuguese,German,Dutch,Russianc.Non-Europeanlanguages:Australian,Arabic,Indian,Hebrew,Chinese,Japanese,Africand.Vastdebts:80%oftheentriesareborrowed(TheEncyclopediaAmericana)Englishvocabularyisrichandheterogeneousandhasthemostcopiousvocabulary,morethanamillionwords.B.Therapidgrowthofpresent-dayEnglishvocabulary(especiallyafterWorldWarⅡ)Thereasonofthefrequentappearanceofneologisms(newwordsornewmeaningforestablishedwords)(1)Markedprogressofscienceandtechnology:thenuclearbomb,theexplorationofspace,computerscience(2)Socio-economic,politicalandculturalchanges:newsocialhabitsandnewlivingcondition,changesindomestichabits,drugaddiction,studentunrest,internalpoliticalstruggle,women’sliberation,struggleoftheBlackpeople,changesineducation,newentertainment,sports.(3)Theinfluenceofotherculturesandlanguages:animportantfactorinvocabularydevelopment(4)ThereceptiveandflexiblenatureofEnglish(内因)22.ClassificationofEnglishWordsAccordingtoDifferentCriteria(origin,levelofusage,andnotion)A.ByOrigin:nativewordsandloanwordsLoan20%useda.havebeenperfectlynaturalizedinusage;b.haveconformedtonativeEnglishinaccentandspelling,sometimeseveninadoptionofanEnglishaffix,nolongeraliens;c.wordsborrowedwithoutanychangeinsoundandspellingareknownasforeignwords.Native80%useda.mostaremonosyllabic;b.auxiliaryandmodalverbs,andagreaterpartofnumerals,pronouns,prepositionsandconjunctions;c.top9mostfrequentlyused:and,be,have,it,of,the,to,will,you.Thefundamentalfeaturesofthebasicwordstocka.nationalcharacter:theyareknowntoallthemembersb.stability:remainunchanged;acertainnumberofOEwordshavedroppedoutofbasicwordstockc.word-formingabilityd.abilitytoformcollocations:combinetoformhabitualexpressionsandphrasesB.Bylevelofusage1.Commona.connectedwiththeordinarythingsoractivitiesnecessarytoeverydaylifeb.stylisticallyneutral,bothformalandinformal2.Literarya.chieflyusedinwriting,especiallyinbookswritteninamoreelevatedstyle,inofficialdocuments,orinformalspeeches;b.mostareofFrench,LatinandGreekorigin;c.theuseofliterarywordsinordinaryconversationispretentiousorjocularArchaicwords“arch.(aic)”a.nolongerincommonuse,butretainforspecialpurposeb.notobsoletewords--deadwords,obs.(olete)ordated.,completelyoutofusePoeticalwords“poet.(ical)”a.traditionallyusedonlyinpoetryBotharchaicandpoetical---“arch.orpoet.”a.mostinpronominalforms3.Colloquiala.“colloq.(uial)”orinfmlb.mainlyinspokenEnglish,amongfriends,colleaguesandfamily4.Slanga.language,wordsorphrasesofavigorous,colorful,facetious,ortaboonature,inventedforspecificoccasions,oruses,orderivedfromtheunconventionaluseofthestandardvocabularyb.derogatoryimplication,unmeaninglanguagec.thereasonofslangexpressionsistosecurefreshnessandnoveltyd.lively,expressive,popular,andnewexpressionskeepcroppingup.e.canbecome“respectable”andachievealastingplace5.TechnicalOrSpeciala.usedinvariousspecialfieldsb.function—todenotethingsorprocessesandtoincreaseprecisioninnomenclaturec.theuseoftechnicaltermssavetimed.sharplyincreasedinthelast50yearse.mostremainessentiallyforeigntooutsiders,eventoeducatednativespeakersf.thebarrierbetweentechnicalwordsandpopularwordsisbreakingdownC.Bynotion:functio