阅读技能要求和文章的特点以及题目设置的方式

阅读技巧(一)细节题这是专四阅读中数量最多、也最重要的一种题型1.题型特点根据文章中具体细节信息做出提问,如(1)题干中明确提到人名、地名、数字时间等细节性信息；(2)往往针对文章中可以定位的一句话或几句话设计问题；2.命题模式Accordingtothepassage/theauthor，who(what,where,which,when,why,howetc。)3.做题关键：（1）返回原文，准确定位：一般来说，细节题往往只是针对某个段落提问，所以，考生只看该段内容即可，不需等到把文章看完才做。（2）细节题目不需要动脑筋,不需要推断!一定要忠实于原文,一定要在原文中找到原句子,没有找到原句子就不能成功!不能胡乱猜测！（3）注意特殊标点处，如破折号（表解释），括号（表解释），冒号（表解释），引号（表引用或其他特殊含义），分号（表进一步解释说明）注意举例处，如firstly…,secondly…,furthermore,moreover,forexample等注意因果关系处，这种选题有2种：给原因找结果，给结果找原因注意转折处或对比处：转折词后往往是作者观点的表达。注意事项干扰选项的特征：(1)防止张冠李戴:也就是其中某个选项的的确确在文中出现,而且一摸一样，但是并不是本题的答案。因此正确的答案往往是原句的同义转述。(2)防止偷梁换柱:某个选项眨眼好像跟原文一样,但是仔细一看某个单词不一样,其实是将原文对应部分中的一个关键词换成了意思不同的其他词汇,而换成后的这个单词往往是生词。(3)防止无中生有:就是说选项中出现了原文没有提到的词,尤其是其中一个选项是真理,但是文中没有提到。（所以一定要忠实于原文，原文没有就不选！）(4)防止因果倒置：选项中涉及的两部分之间的因果关系与原文所说的因果关系正好相反，将原文的因换成了果或者将原文的果换成了因。(5)防止扩大范围：也就是将原文的特指(只适用于部分的情况)变为泛指(适用于全部的情况)。（6）防止绝对含义的词：如果选项中含有以下表示绝对含义较强的词，那么选项一般错误，如only,everything,everyone,everybody,each,any,all,no,none,never,entirely,absolute,completely,alone,must,haveto相反，正确的选项中往往含有表示模糊性的概括词，如，some,sometimes,certain,more…than,less…than等注意，上述干扰选项的特征也适用于判断其他题型的干扰选项。我们看看2009年真题81.Accordingtothepassage,whenwouldmostweightbeimposedonhip-joints?A.Whenoneiswalking.B.Whenoneisrunning.C.Whenoneisstanding.D.Whenoneislyingdown.Doyourealizethateverytimeyoutakeastep,thebonesinyourhiparesubjectedtoforcesbetweenfourandfivetimesyourbodyweight?Whenyouarerunning,thisforceisincreasedfurtherstill.Whathappensifthroughdiseaseahip-jointceasestobeabletoresistsuchforces?Formanyyearship-jointsandotherbodyjointshavebeenreplaceableeitherpartiallyorcompletely.Itisafterallasimpleballandsocketjoint;ithascertainloadsimposedonit;itneedsreliabilityoveradefinedlife;itmustcontainmaterialssuitablefortheworkingenvironment.Anyengineerwillrecognizetheseascharacteristicofatypicalengineeringproblem,whichdoctorsandengineershaveworkedtogethertosolve,inordertobringafreshleaseoflifetopeoplewhowouldotherwisebedisabled.82.Engineersregardthereplacementofhip-jointsasa(n)____Problem.A.mechanicalB.medicalC.healthD.agriculturalDoyourealizethateverytimeyoutakeastep,thebonesinyourhiparesubjectedtoforcesbetweenfourandfivetimesyourbodyweight?Whenyouarerunning,thisforceisincreasedfurtherstill.Whathappensifthroughdiseaseahip-jointceasestobeabletoresistsuchforces?Formanyyearship-jointsandotherbodyjointshavebeenreplaceableeitherpartiallyorcompletely.Itisafterallasimpleballandsocketjoint;ithascertainloadsimposedonit;itneedsreliabilityoveradefinedlife;itmustcontainmaterialssuitablefortheworkingenvironment.Anyengineerwillrecognizetheseascharacteristicofatypicalengineeringproblem,whichdoctorsandengineershaveworkedtogethertosolve,inordertobringafreshleaseoflifetopeoplewhowouldotherwisebedisabled.83.Accordingtothepassage,howdoengineerscontributetoincreasingefficiencyoftheagriculturalindustry?A.Byworkingwithfarmers.B.Byworkinginteams.C.Bygrowingcropsofthesameheight.D.Bymakingagriculturalmachinery.Thistypifiesthewayinwhichengineersworktohelppeopleandcreateabetterqualityoflife.Thefactthatthiscountryhasthemostefficientagriculturalindustryintheworldisanothergoodexample.Mechanicalengineershaveworkedwithfarmersandbiologiststoproducefertilizers,machineryandharvestingsystems.Thisteamefforthasnowproducedcropsuniformlywaisthighorlesssothattheyarebettersuitedtomechanicalharvesting.Similaradvanceswithothercropshavereleasedpeoplefromhardandboringjobsformorecreativework,whilstmachinesharvestcropsmoreefficientlywithlesswaste.Providingmorefoodfortherapidlyincreasingpopulationisyetanotherroleforthemechanicalengineer.84.Accordingtothecontext,Thisteameffort'inParagraphTworeferstoA.mechanicalengineers.B.doctorsandengineers.C.biologists,doctorsandfarmers.D.farmers,biologistsandengineersThistypifiesthewayinwhichengineersworktohelppeopleandcreateabetterqualityoflife.Thefactthatthiscountryhasthemostefficientagriculturalindustryintheworldisanothergoodexample.Mechanicalengineershaveworkedwithfarmersandbiologiststoproducefertilizers,machineryandharvestingsystems.Thisteamefforthasnowproducedcropsuniformlywaisthighorlesssothattheyarebettersuitedtomechanicalharvesting.Similaradvanceswithothercropshavereleasedpeoplefromhardandboringjobsformorecreativework,whilstmachinesharvestcropsmoreefficientlywithlesswaste.Providingmorefoodfortherapidlyincreasingpopulationisyetanotherroleforthemechanicalengineer.(二)中心主旨题中心主旨题可以分为文章主旨和段落主旨两种。1.关键句文章首段的句子以及各段的首末句。2.命题模式(1)Thepassageismainlyabout。（2)Whichofthefollowingbestreflectsthemainideaofthepassage?(3)Thebesttitleforthispassagemightbe。(4)Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?3.做题关键(1)运用宏观阅读技巧做题，就是根据文章结构判断主题。（3种）A：有些演绎类文章往往开门见山点出主题，然后再加以说明，证实。（文章开头）B：有些文章不再开头点名，而是通过提问或者举例吸引读者，然后提出观点。（文章中间）C:在归纳性文章中，主题句出现在最后一段或最后一句，常常有therefore,thus,inaword文章最后）(2)运用第一段和每段的首末句信息做题。就是说综合各段的首末句的内容，可以得出主题。注意：只看首段有时容易以偏概全，因为首段有时只是在引出文章主体之前起抛砖引玉的作用.（3）阅读中的每道题都是围绕主题来设，故课根据选项中反复出现的相同的或者相关的词语来推断。(4)尤其要注意首段或者末段的转折词后的句子，因为转折词yet，but等出现在段首或者一个理论刚刚说完之后表示语义出现重大转折，内容会与前面有很大区别，所以它往往是作者真实写作目的或者基本观点和态度，而这又常为文章的中心主旨的关键所在。（5）注意上面所说的特殊标点处，因为在主题段落或主题句中，那些特殊标点后所引出的内容往往是理解中心思想的关键所在。(三)词汇题1.题型特点词义题的考查有两种：一是超纲词含义的推断，另一个是熟词僻