国际经济学复习资料(英文版)

Chapter3InternationalequilibriumI.Theoryofreciprocaldemand(相互需求理论)i.Celebrity:ByJohnStuartMill(穆勒)ii．Definition:Thistheorysuggeststhattheactualpriceatwhichtradetakesplacedependsonthetradingpartners’interactingdemands.iii.Thereciprocaldemandtheorythuscontendsthattheequilibriumtermsoftradedependsontherelativestrengthofeachnation’sdemandfortheothernation’sproduct.iv.Iftwonationsofapproximatelythesamesizeandwithsimilartastepatternsparticipateininternationaltrade,thegainsfromwillbesharedaboutequallyaboutthem.Howeverifonenationissignificantlylargerthantheother,thelargernationattainsfewergainsfromthetrade.(importanceofbeingunimportant)(小国情况下作为不重要角色的重要性)II.Termsoftradeestimatei.Definition:Thecommoditytermsoftrade(alsocalledbartertermsoftradeisoftenusedtomeasurethedirectionoftradegains)measurestherelationshipbetweenthepricesanationgetsforitsexportsandthepriceitpaysforitsimports.ii.Estimate:Termsoftrade=𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥*100iii.Conclusion:Animprovementinanation’stermsoftraderequiresthatthepricesofitsexportsriserelativetothepricesofitsimportsoverthegiventimeperiod.Conversely,adeteriorationinanation’stermsoftradeisduetoariseinitsimportpricesrelativetoitsexportpricesoveratimeperiod.(贸易条件的改善是指出口品的价格相对进口品价格上升)iv.·贸易条件越是接近哪个国家国内自给自足经济下的价格水平，该国从贸易中所获得的利益就越少。·两国间贸易条件的实际均衡水平取决于两国的相对经济实力和每一国对另一国商品的需求弹性。Immiseratinggrowth(悲惨的经济增长或贫困化增长)：发展中国家经济增长反而使得国家福利下降。这是由于贸易产品单一，一般为初级产品。Chapter4TrademodelextensionsandapplicationI.Factor-endowmentTheory(H-OTheory)i.DisadvantageofRicardoComparativeTheory:a.Hedidnotexplainthebasisforthesedifferencesinlaborproductivity.b.Heassumedtheexistenceofcomparativeadvantagesinhistheoreticalmodel.c.Ricardo’sassumptionofasinglefactorofproduction(labor)ruledout(排除)anexplanationofhowtradeaffectsthedistributionofincomewithinanationandwhycertaingroupsfavorfreetrade,whereasothergroupsopposeit.ii.Assumption:a.Nationshavethesametastesandpreferences(demandsconditions).b.Theyusefactorsinputsthatareuniformquality(同质).c.Andtheyusethesametechnology.iii.Conclusion·Anationwillexportthatcommodityforwhichalargeamountoftherelativelyabundant(cheap)inputisused.Itwillimportthecommodityintheproductionofwhichtherelativelyscarce(expensive)inputisused.·Thecapital-abundantcountrythusexportsthecapital-intensiveproduct,andland-abundantcountryexportstheland-intensiveproduct.Factorendowmentdifference→PPSdifference→pricesdifferencespecialization→trade(一国将出口那些相对密集使用其相对丰裕的要素进行生产的商品，而进口那些相对密集地使用其相对稀缺的生产要素进行生产的商品)II.Factor-priceequalizationi.ConclusionEachnationexperiencesariseinthepriceoftheabundantfactorandafallinthepriceofthescarcefactor.(稀缺要素价格下降，丰裕要素价格上升)ii．Reasonsa.Theassumptionsunderlyingthefactor-endowmenttheoryarenotcompletelyborneoutintherealworld.b.Thetransportationcostsandtradebarriersmaypreventpricesfrombecomingequal.(运输成本、关税、补贴以及其他经济政策都会使国与国之间的价格商品不同，市场是不完全竞争的，非贸易品的存在以及闲置资源……)III.Leontiefparadox(里昂惕夫之谜)TheUnitedStatesexportswerelesscapital-intensivethanimport-competinggoods.IV．EconomiesofscaleandspecializationAlthoughtwonationshavethesamePPSanddemands,tradecanalsohappen.Becausethereiseconomiesofscalethatcancometothecompletelyspecializationbetweenthetwonations.(两个完全一样的国家：相同的生产和消费，同样会存在贸易，因为规模经济使得两个国家专业化生产两种不同的产品，但是，必须存在First-moveradvantage先发优势)V．Theoryofoverlappingdemands(重叠需求理论或林德理论)Demandsideandinvolveinmanufacturegoods.i.Celebrity：StaffanLinderii.Conclusion:a.Themainforceinfluencingmanufactured-goodtradeisdomesticdemandconditions.b.Theforeignmarketswithgreatestexportpotentialwillbefoundinnationswithconsumertastessimilartothoseofdomesticconsumers.c.Lindercontendsthattastesofconsumersareconditionedstronglybytheirincomelevels.Percapitaincomewillyieldaparticularpatternoftastes.Nationswithsimilarpercapitaincomeswillhaveoverlappingdemandstructuresandwilllikelyconsumesimilartypesofmanufacturedgoods.完全以需求为导向，假定消费者的偏好在很大程度上受限于他们的收入水平，一国生产的商品的种类反映了该国的人均收入水平。制成品的国际贸易在人均收入水平相似的国家要比在人均收入水平不同的国家间更为频繁。该理论解释了战后发达国家之间频繁的贸易活动。一个复杂的原因是，具有相似人均收入水平的国家，往往在地理位置上也是相近的。因此，频繁的贸易反应的也可能是低的运输成本和文化的相似度。VI.Intra-industrytradei.Definition:a.Inter-industrytrade:Theexchangebetweennationsofproductsofdifferentindustries.b.Intra-industrytrade:two-waytradeinasimilarcommodity.ii.Differencesbetweentheinter-industrytradeandtheintra-industrytrade产业内贸易产业间贸易贸易商品来源国同种或相近经济发展水平的工业国家不同经济发展水平的工业国适用的基础理论现代贸易理论新古典贸易理论生产函数特点规模报酬递增规模报酬不变消费者偏好异质商品同质商品贸易利益来源产品的差异性和规模报酬递增生产要素比较优势的利用iii.TypesA.Homogeneousgoods(同质产品)a.Anationmayexportandimportthesameproductbecauseoftransportationcosts.b.Homogeneousgoodsareseasonal.B.Differentiatedproducts(异质产品)a.LoveVarity:Intra-industrytradeincreasestherangeofchoicesavailabletoconsumersineachcountry,aswellasthedegreeofcompetitionamongmanufacturersofthesameclassofproductineachcountry.b.Economicscale:Nationmayenjoyacostadvantageoveritsforeigncompetitorbyspecializinginafewvarietiesandstylesofaproduct.VII.Productcycletheory(产品周期理论PCT)唯一一个动态理论；要素密集度发生变化；动态比较优势Inadynamicworld,technologicalchangesoccurindifferentnationsatdifferentratesofspeed.Thechangingfactorscanaffectcomparativeadvantagesandthepatte