词汇名词解释

词汇学名词解释1/3Lexicology（词汇学）:isabranchoflinguistics,inquiringintotheoriginsandmeaningsofwords.Word（词的定义）:Awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensoundandmeaningandsyntacticfunction.(1)aminimalfreeformofalanguage(2)asoundunity(3)aunitofmeaning(4)aformthatcanfunctionaloneinasentenceVocabulary（词汇）:allthewordsinalanguagemakeupitsvocabularyThebasicwordstock（基本词汇）:isthefoundationofthevocabularyaccumulatedovercenturiesandformsthecommoncoreofthelanguage.Neologismsmeansnewly-createdwordsorexpressions,orwordsthathavetakenonnewmeanings.(email、microelectronics、futurology、AIDS、internet、freakout)Contentwords/notionalwords(nouns、verbs、adjectives、adverbsandnumerals)Functionalwords/emptywords(Prepositions、conjunctions、auxiliariesandarticles)on、of、upon、butbeatheNativewords（本族语词）:knownasAnglo-Saxonwords(50,000-60,000),arewordsbroughttoBritaininthe5thcenturybytheGermanictribes.(mainstreamofthebasicword-stocks).Borrowedwords/Loanwords（外来语词）:wordstakenoverfromforeignlanguages.(80%ofmodernEV)TheEightGroupsinIndo-EuropeanFamilyofLanguages（8大印欧语群）TheEasternset:（1）TheBalto-slavicGroup：（2）TheIndo-IranianGroup:(3)TheArmenianGroup：Armenian.(4)TheAlbanianGroup：Albanian.TheWesternset:(5)TheHellenicGroup：Greek;.(6)TheItalianGroup：(7)TheCelticGroup;(8)TheGermanicGroup：Terminology:Terminologyistechnicaltermsusedinparticulardisciplinesandacademicareasasinmusic,symphony.Jargon:Jargonisthespecializedvocabulariesbywhichmembersofparticulararts,sciences,tradesandprofessionscommunicateamongthemselvesasinbusiness,bottomlineforunavoidableresult.Slang:Slangisthesub-standardlanguage,whichseemstostandbetweenthestandardgeneralwordsincludinginformalonesavailabletoeveryoneandin-groupwordslikejargonandargot,eg.Doughandbreadmeansmoney.Argot:Argotisthejargonofcriminals.Onlythesub-culturalgroupsuseit,andoutsiderscanhardlyunderstandit,eg,Persuadermeansdagger.dialectalwords:Dialectalwordsiswordsusedonlybyspeakersofthedialectinquestion,eg.BeautyinAustraliameansexcellent.Archaisms:Archaismsarewordsorformsthatwereonceincommonusebutarenowrestrictedonlytospecializedorlimiteduse.Eg,brethrenmeansbrother.Neologisms:Neologismsarenewly-createdwordsorexpressions,orwordsthathavetakenonnewmeanings.Eg,internet.Morpheme(词素):thesmallestfunctioningunitinthecompositionofwordsAllomorph(词素变体):isadifferentvariantformofamorpheme，differinphonologicalandspellingform,butatthesameinfunctionandmeaningfreemorphemes：freemorphemes,alsocalledfreeroot,isthemorphemeswhichhavecompletemeaningandcanbeusedasfreegrammaticalunitsinsentences,eg.cat,walk.boundmorphemes：BoundmorphemesisMorphemeswhichcannotoccurasseparatewords.Theyareboundtoothermorphemestoformwords,eg,recollection=re+collect+ion.boundroot：Boundrootisthatpartofthewordthatcarriesthefundamentalmeaninglikeafreeroot,butitisboundformandhastocombinewithothermorphemestomakewords.Affixes：Affixesisformsthatareattachedtowordsorwordelementstomodifymeaningorfunction.inflectionalaffixes:Inflectionalaffixes,alsocalledinflectionalmorphemes,isaffixeswhichattachedtotheendofwordstoindicategrammaticalrelationshipsareinflectionalderivationalaffixes:Derivationalaffixesareaffixesaddedtoothermorphemestocreatenewwords.Root：isthebasicformofaword,whichcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity,eg,international,therootisnation.Stem：isaformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeaddedinwordformation.affixationAffixation,alsocalledderivation,isawaytoaddword-formingorderivationalaffixestostemsinwordformation.Prefixation：Prefixationisawaytoaddprefixestostemsinwordformation.Itdoesnotchangetheword-classofthestembutchangeitsmeaning.Suffixation：Suffixationisawaytosuffixestostemsinwordformation,andthesuffixesmainlychangethewordclass.Compounding：Compounding,alsocalledcomposition,isawaytojointwoormorestemsinwordformation.Compoundisproducedinthisway.Compound：Acompoundisalexicalunitconsistingofmorethanonestemandfunctioningbothgrammaticallyandsemanticallyasasingleword.Conversion:istheformationofnewwordsbyconvertingwordsofoneclasstoanotherclass.Blending:istheformationofnewwordsbycombiningpartsoftwowordsorawordplusapartofanotherwordClipping:istoshortenalongerwordbycuttingapartofftheoriginalandusingwhatremainsinsteadAcronymy:istheprocessofformingnewwordsbyjoiningtheinitiallettersofnamesofsocialandpoliticalorganizationsorspecialnounphrasesandtechnicalterms.Initialism:initialismsarewordspronouncedletterbyletter.e.g.:BBC(forBritishBroadcastingcorporation)Acronym:Acronymsarewordsformedfrominitiallettersbutpronouncedasanormalword.E.g.:TEFL(teachingEnglishasaforeignlanguage)Back-formation：It’sthemethodofcreatingwordsbyremovingthesupposedsuffixes.Reference(所指):Itistherelationshipbetweenlanguageandtheword.Itisthearbitraryandconventional.Itisakindofabstraction,yetwiththehelpofcontext,itcanrefertosomethingspecific.Concept（概念）:whichisbeyondlanguage,istheresultofhumancognition(认识),reflectingtheobjectiveworldinthehumanmind.Sense（意义）:Itdenotestherelationshipinsidethelanguage.‘Thesenseofanexpressionisitsplaceinasystemofsemanticrelationshipswithotherexpressionsinthelanguage.’Motivation：Motivation