话语分析完整版讲义

TheDiscourseReaderIntroductionTableofContent•PartⅠ:Discourse:anInterdisciplinaryMovement.•PartⅡ:EssenceofDiscourse•PartⅢ:PurposeofDiscourseAnalysis•PartⅣ:Multi-modal&Multi-voicedDiscourses•PartⅤ:TheLayeringofSocialMeaninginDiscourseDiscourseisanInterdisciplinaryMovement.Why?•Discourseislanguageuserelativetosocial,politicalandculturalformations—itislanguagereflectingsocialorderbutalsolanguageshapingsocialorder,andshapingindividuals’interactionwithsociety.EssenceofDiscourse•Definition1•Definition2•Definition3•Definition4•……….•DefinitionnLanguageinuse&beyondlanguageinuseDefinition1•Discourseislanguageabovethesentenceorabovetheclause.•-----Stubbs1983:1•Definition2•Thestudyofdiscourseisthestudyofanyaspectoflanguageuse.•----Fasold1990:65•Definition3•Theanalysisofdiscourseis,necessarily,theanalysisoflanguageinuse.•----Brown&Yule1983:1•Definition4•Discourseisformemorethanjustlanguageuse:itislanguageuse,whetherspeechorwriting…•----Fairclogh1992:28Definitionn•Discourse…referstolanguageinuse,asaprocesswhichissociallysituated.•----Candlin1997:ⅸPurposeofDiscourseAnalysis•Discourseanalysisoffersameansofexpositionordeconstructingthesocialpracticewhichconstitutesocialstructureandwhatwemightcalltheconventionalmeaningstructuresofsociallife.•Discourseisimplicatedinexpressingpeople’spointsofviewandvaluesystems,manyofwhicharepre-structuredintermsofwhatisnormalorappropriateinparticularsocialandinstitutionalsettings.Multi-modal&Multi-voicedDiscourses•Multi-modalDiscourses•Multi-voicedDiscourses•Ifdiscourseisthesetofsocialpracticewhichmakemeaning,thenmanyofthetextsproducedinthisprocessaremulti-modal,thatis,theymakeuseofmorethanonesemioticsystem.•Thefocusonmulti-modaldiscourseisinonesenseacontinuationofthistraditionalview,esp.whenitcanbeshownthatdifferentsemioticresourcesordimensionsfulfilldifferentcommunicativefunctions.ForMikhailBakhtin,alldiscourseismulti-voiced,asallwordsandutteranceshavebeenpreviouslyinterpreted.Inabroadersense,voicescanbeinterpretedasdiscourses-position,ideologiesorstancesthatspeakersandlistenerstakeinparticularinstancesofco-constructedinteraction.TheLayeringofSocialMeaninginDiscourse•Extract1(Thefrontdoorbellrings)Mother:Openthedoor,darling.Whoisit?Daughter:It’sonlyMaggie.Mother:(lookingsheepish)Oh,hello,Mrs.Thomson.Mrs.Thomson:(smiles)Hello.•1.Themeaningofaneventorofasingleutteranceisonlypartlyaccountedforbyitsformalfeatures(thatis,bythedirectmeaningofthewordsused)•Thesocialsignificanceofdiscourse,ifwedefineitsimplyaslanguageinuse;liesintherelationshipbetweenlinguisticmeaningsandthewidercontextinwhichinteractiontakesplace.•2.Ourinerpretationofdiscoursesthereforerelatesfarmoretowhatisdonebyparticipantsthanwhatissaid.•话语的解释更多地与话语的参与者相关，而不是单纯的字面意思。•3.Itisimportanttodistinguishbetweenmeaningsinferredbyobserversandmeaningsinferredbyparticipants.•辨别清楚旁观者推导出来的意义和话语参加者推导出来的意义是很重要的。•4&5.Allaspectsofmeaning-makingareactsofconstruction.Andsocialcategorizationiscentraltotheseactsofconstruction.•意义产生的所有方面都是建构活动。而社会分类处于这些建构活动的中心位置。•6.Thetextsweanalyzearealwaysfilteredormediated.Theyareinthemselvesaformofsocial(re)construction.•我们所分析的上下文都是经过过滤或传达的。它们本身是一种社会建构(重建)的形式。•7.Discourseismorethan(verbal/vocal)languageitself.•话语不仅仅是有声语言本身。•8.Socialcontextisimportantindiscourseanalysis.•社会环境对于话语分析是很重要的。•9.Discourseanalysisletusseehowmacro-structuresarecarriedthroughmicro-structures.•话语分析让我们明白宏观结构是如何通过微观结构完成的。•话语是相对于社会，政治和文化形态的语言使用----因为它既是反映社会秩序的语言，又是形成社会秩序，形成个人与社会互动的语言。•话语分析提供了一种论述或解构构成社会结构以及我们可以称之为传统社会生活意义的社会实践的方法。•话语牵涉人民的观点和价值体系的表达，其中许多是对在特殊的社会或制度环境下什么是常规的或合适的做的预先建构。多模式话语•如果话语是制造意思的社会实践系统，那么在这个过程中产生的许多上下文就是多模式的，也就是说，使用了一种以上的符号系统。•从某种意义上来说，多模式话语的焦点在于传统观点的延续，尤其是当不同的符号资源或维度实现了不同的交际功能。多重混成话语•对于巴赫金，所有的话语都是多重混成的，因为所有的言语和表达都已预先解释。•在更广泛的意义上说，声音可以解释为：说话者和听话者在特定场合构建互动的话语位置，意识形态或立场。•1.一个事件或一个单一的话语的意义只是部分地由其形式特征决定（即，由所用词的直接含义决定）•如果我们简单地把话语定义为语言的使用，那么话语的社会意义依赖于语言意义与发生互动的上下文之间的关系。