计算机文化1

ComputerConcepts2013Chapter1ComputersandDigitalBasics1ChapterContentsSectionA:AllThingsDigital一切皆数字化SectionB:DigitalDevices数字设备SectionC:DigitalDataRepresentation数字数据表示SectionD:DigitalProcessing数字处理SectionE:PasswordSecurity密码安全Chapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics21FastPollTrue/FalseQuestionsAnswerAforTrueandBforFalse010100Cloudcomputingcharacterizedthefirstphaseofthedigitalrevolution.B010200Acomputer’soperatingsystemisatypeofapplicationsoftware.B010300Microcontrollersarespecialpurposemicroprocessorsthatcanbeembeddedindevicessuchasrefrigerators,cars,andwashingmachines.A010400Abitisabinarydigit,suchasa1or0.AChapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics331FastPollTrue/FalseQuestionsAnswerAforTrueandBforFalse010500ASCII（美国信息交换标准代码：AmericanStandardCodeforInformationInterchange）andUnicode(广义二进制编码的十进制交换码：ExtendedBinaryCodedDecimalInterchangeCode）areusedtorepresentcharacterdata.A010600Amegabyte(MB)is1024bits.B010700Microprocessorsareatypeofintegratedcircuit.A010800C,COBOL,andJavaareexamplesofprogramminglanguages.AChapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics441FastPollTrue/FalseQuestionsAnswerAforTrueandBforFalse010900Acompilerconvertssourcecodetoobjectcode.A011000Thelistofcodesforamicroprocessor’sinstructionsetiscalledmachinelanguage.A011100Amicroprocessorholdsdataintheinterpreterregister./微处理器把数据保存在解释（翻译）寄存器中.B011200Adictionaryattackisavirusthathidesoutinthespellingcheckerforyourwordprocessingsoftware./字典攻击是一种隐藏在字处理软件的拼写检查器中的病毒.B收集好密码可能包含的字符串，然后通过各种方式组合。即相当于从字典中查密码，逐一验证！Chapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics551SectionA:AllThingsDigitalTheDigitalRevolution数字革命DataProcessing数据处理PersonalComputing个人计算NetworkComputing网络计算CloudComputing云计算DigitalSociety数字社会Chapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics61Question012100Computersandthedigitalrevolutionhavechangedourlivesinmanyfundamentalways.Ifyouwereonthefrontlinesofthedigitalrevolutionwhencomputerswerefirstdevelopedtobreakcodes（破解密码）andcalculatemissiletrajectories（计算导弹轨迹）,youweremostlikelylivinginwhattimeperiod?计算机和数字化革命已经在许多基本方面改变了我们的生活。如果你在电脑最初被开发用破解密码和计算导弹轨迹的数字革命的最前线，你是最有可能生活在什么时间段？A.WorldWarIB.TheRoaringTwenties咆哮的20年代C.WorldWarIID.The1960sChapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics71TheDigitalRevolutionThedigitalrevolutionisanongoingprocessofsocial,political,andeconomicchangebroughtaboutbydigitaltechnology,suchascomputersandtheInternet./数字革命是一个由诸如计算机和互联网等数字化技术所带来的社会、政治和经济的持续变化过程Thetechnologydrivingthedigitalrevolutionisbasedondigitalelectronicsandtheideathatelectricalsignalscanrepresentdata,suchasnumbers,words,pictures,andmusic/驱动数字革命的技术是建立在数字电子学和电子信号能表示诸如数字、字符、图形和音乐等数据的基础之上Chapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics81TheDigitalRevolutionDigitizationistheprocessofconvertingtext,numbers,sound,photos,andvideointodatathatcanbeprocessedbydigitaldevicesThedigitalrevolutionhasevolved（演化）throughfourphases,beginningwithbig,expensive,standalone（独立的）computers,andprogressingto（进步成）today’sdigitalworld（数字化世界）inwhichsmall,inexpensivedigitaldevicesareeverywhereChapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics91TheDigitalRevolutionChapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasicsExpired过时的；Tired疲倦的；CBradios民用波段无线电，computerserve,计算机服务;Uninspired无想象力的；Desired渴望的Uninspired101DataProcessingSomehistoriansmarkthe1980sasthebeginningofthedigitalrevolution,butengineersbuiltthefirstdigitalcomputersduringWorldWarIIforbreakingcodesandcalculatingmissiletrajectories（导弹轨迹）ComputerswereoperatedbytrainedspecialistsBackthen,processingcomponentsforcomputerswerehousedincloset-sizedcabinetsthatdidnotusuallyincludeakeyboardordisplaydevice/那时，计算机处理组件被安置在衣柜大小的柜子，通常不包括键盘和显示装置Chapter2:ComputerHardware111DataProcessingDataprocessingisbasedonaninput-processing-outputcycle（输入-处理-输出循环）Datagoesintoacomputer,itisprocessed,andthenitisoutputChapter2:ComputerHardware121PersonalComputingThemodelforthesecondphaseofthedigitalrevolution,personalcomputingischaracterized（特征化为）bysmall,standalonecomputerspoweredbylocalsoftwareLocalsoftwarereferstoanysoftwarethatisinstalledonacomputer’sharddriveChapter2:ComputerHardware131PersonalComputingChapter2:ComputerHardware141NetworkComputingThethirdphaseofthedigitalrevolutionmaterializedascomputersbecamenetworkedandwhentheInternetwasopenedtopublicuse/数字革命的第三阶段被具体化为大量的计算机被链接成网络以及互联网向公众开放使用AcomputernetworkisagroupofcomputerslinkedtogethertosharedataandresourcesTheInternetisaglobalcomputernetworkoriginallydevelopedasamilitaryproject,andwasthenhandedovertotheNationalScienceFoundation（NSF（美国）国家科学基金）forresearchandacademicuseChapter2:ComputerHardware151NetworkComputingTheWeb(shortforWorldWideWeb())isacollectionoflinkeddocuments,graphics,andsoundsthatcanbeaccessedovertheInternetDuringtheperiodfrom1995–2010,computingwascharacterizedbytheWeb,e-mail,multiplayergames,musicdownloads,andenormoussoftwareapplications,suchasMicrosoftOffice,Norton’sInternetSecuritySuite(安全套件),andCorelDigitalStudio（数字工作室：加拿大Corel软件公司，出品的软件有CorelDraw等）Chapter2:ComputerHardware161CloudComputingLocalapplicationsarebeingeclipsed（消失）bycloudcomputing,whichcharacterizesthefourthphaseofthedigitalrevolutionCloudcomputingprovidesaccesstoinformation,applications,commu