语言学考试期末复习大纲

thenumberofwordsinalanguageisrelativelyfinitebuttheirpossiblecombinationisinfinite.Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Linguisticisthesystematic(orscientific)studyoflanguagePhonetics发音学，语音学isthescientificstudyofspeechandisconcernedwithdefiningandclassifyingspeechsounds.Phonology音位（系）学isthedescriptionofthesystemsandpatternsofspeechsoundsinalanguage.Morphology形态学语法isthestudyoftheformationofwordsorthestudyoftheinternalstructuresoftheformofwords.Syntax句法isthestudyofthearrangementsofwordsinasentence.Semantics语义学isthestudyofthemeaningoflanguage.Semanticfield语义场referstotheorganizationofrelatedwordsandexpressionsintoasystemwhichshowstheirrelationshiptooneanother.比如杯子，大杯子放在一起就是语场Synonymsarewordsthatarecloseinmeaning.Antonymy:oppositenessofmeaningMeronymy部分整体关系：part/wholerelationship.Hyponymy上下义关系referstothesenserelationbetweenamoregeneral,moreinclusivewordandamorespecificword（E.g.Superordinate:flowerHyponyms:rose,tulip,carnation,lily）Homonymy:同音异义wordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform.E.g.ball.Polysemy:多义性thesameonewordmayhavemorethanonemeaning.E.g.tableLanguagefunction:谁提出的：Finch1.Physiologicalfunction生理功能2.Phaticfunction寒暄功能3.Recordingfunction记录功能4.Identifyingfunction辨别功能5.Reasoningfunction推理功能6.Communicatingfunction交流功能7.Pleasurefunction娱乐功能MetafunctionsofLanguage纯理功能Ideationalfunction（概念功能）Interpersonalfunction（人际功能）Textualfunction（语篇功能）SomeImportantDistinctionsonLinguisticsLangueandParole语言和言语（语言是抽象的系统，言语是具体化的）PrescriptiveandDescriptive描述性和规定性linguisticsisdescriptive,SynchronicandDiachronic共识性和历时性SpeechandWriting口语和书面语SyntagmaticandParadigmatic（横）组合和（纵）组合P33CompetenceandPerformance语言能力（内置规则）和语言行为（说话）FunctionalismandFormalism语言功能主义和语言形式主义HowtodefineLangueandparole,Competenceandperformance?Saussuremadethedistinction:Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity,andparolereferstotherealizationoflanguageinactualuse.Chomskydefinescompetenceastheabstractidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage,andperformancetheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.SaussureChomskyDefinitionlanguecompetenceparoleperformanceDifferenceSociologicalviewPsychologicalviewSimilarityLinguistsshouldstudyabstractlangueorcompetence,notparoleorperformance,whichistoovariedandhaphazard.ModernLinguisticVS.TraditionalGrammarModernlinguisticsisdescriptivenotprescriptive.Modernlinguisticsregardthespokenlanguageasprimary,notthewritten.Modernlinguisticsisusuallysynchronicratherthandiachronic.UseoflanguagePragmatics语用学Anthropologicallinguistics人类语言学psycholinguistics-therelationshipbetweenlanguageandthemind心里语言学sociolinguistics-therelationshipbetweenlanguageandsociety社会语言学appliedlinguistics-thestudyofapplicationsoflinguisticfindings,suchastolanguagelearningandteaching应用语言学Neurolinguistics神经语言学Computationallinguistics计算语言学Thehistoryoflinguistics1：ThestructurallinguisticsSaussure2：MentalisticlinguisticsNoamChomsky3：FunctionallinguisticsM.A.KHalliday1：AccordingtoSaussure’sidea:Languageisasystem.LanguageisaformInfluencedbyhisideasthereappeareddifferentstructurallinguistssuchasthe“PragueSchool”,the“CopenhagenSchool”ThemostinfluentialstructurallinguistwastheAmericanlinguistL.BloomfieldHebelievedthatthetaskforlinguististodescribeallthelanguagematerialsobservableobjectivelyandsystematically.Languageformsorstructuresshouldbethefocuswhilethemeaningisneglected.2：Chomskyrejectedthestructuralapproachtolanguagedescription.Languageisasystemthatrelatesmeaningtosubstance.Languageisamentalphenomenon.Languageisinnateandhuman-specific.Languageisuniversal.3:Thefunctionalistslookatlanguagefromafunctionalpointofview.Theyaremoreconcernedwithwhatspeakersdowithlanguage.NoamChomsky,bornin1928,Philadelphia,US,HewastheAmericanlinguistandpoliticalactivistwhofoundedtheTransformational-GenerativeGrammar.Healsomadedistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformance.FerdinanddeSaussurewasaSwisslinguistwhoseideasonStructureinlanguagelaidthefoundationformuchoftheapproachofthelinguisticscienceinthe20thcentury.In1916hisstudentspublishedabook“CourseinGenerallinguistics”,inwhichhemadeanimportantdistinctionbetweenlangueandparole.M.A.K.HallidaywastheBritishlinguistwhoviewedlanguagebasicallyasasocialphenomenon.AccordingtoHalliday,languageplaysthreemetafunctionssimultaneously:(i)Theideationalfunction---Asymboliccodetorepresenttheworld(ii)Theinterpersonalfunction---Amediumtogetalonginacommunity(iii)Thetextualfunction---Toorganizemessagestoformatext非常重要articulatoryphonetics发音语音学Itistheprimaryconcerninlinguistics.Voiced浊音&Voiceless清音Englishhasmorevoicedthanvoicelesssounds.Vowels:元音Intheproductionofthem,theairstreammeetswithnoobstructionofanykindinthethroat,thenose,orthemouth.Consonants:Intheproductionofthem,itissomehowobstructed.HowdoweclassifytheEnglishconsonants?1：Mannerofarticulation(发音方式）2：placesofarticulation(发音部位）1：Thewayinwhichaspeechsoundisproducedbythespeechorgans.Therearedifferentwaysofproducingspeechsounds.Withconsonantstheairstreammaybestoppedandreleasedsuddenly(astop),e.g./t/allowedtoescapewithfriction(afric