翻译与语用学

Pre-ClassReadingSincetheemergenceofpragmatics,therehavebeenvariousattemptsatapplyingitstheoriestotheresearchofitsdisciplines.Amongvariousapplicationstudies,thepragmaticsoftranslationhasattractedthemostattention.CompanynameUnit14PragmaticsandTranslationGroup52CONTENTS目录114.1Translationascommunication3CONTENTS目录114.1Translationascommunication14.2Translatinngpragmaticsmeanings24CONTENTS目录12314.3Layersofpragmaticequivalence14.1Translationascommunication14.2Translatinngpragmaticsmeanings5CONTENTS目录123414.4Strategiesofpragmatictranslation14.1Translationascommunication14.2Translatinngpragmaticsmeanings14.3Layersofpragmaticequivalence6LeoHickey利奥·希基(英):AResearchProfessorattheUniversityofSalford.Hisresearchfocusesonstudiesofstylistics,pragmatics,andtranslationstudieswithparticularreferencetolegaltranslation.HeistheauthorofseveralbooksandoverahundredarticlesonSpanishliteratureandlanguage,includingThePragmaticsofTranslation1998:4Translationascommunication1TranslationascommunicationTranslationInterlingualactoftransferenceInterculturalactoftransferenceInterlingualcommunicationInterculturalcommunication在翻译过程中，对译文话语正确地理解及准确地表达，必须关注语用含义的这方面价值，即语用含义不是揭示了人们说了什么，而是告诉人们说这句话意味着什么。(1)A:Ireallydislikedthemanyouintroducedmeto.B:Actually,heisyournewboss.B意味着A应该重新考虑他的话故译为：“说实在的，他是你的新上司。”(2)A:Ireallydislikedthemanyouintroducedmeto.B:Anyway,heisyournewboss.B意味着A厌恶无关要紧故译为：“不管怎么样，他是你的新上司。”(3)A:Ireallydislikedthemanyouintroducedmeto.B:Afterall,heisyournewboss.B意味着A之所以讨厌那人真的是因为那人是新上司故译为：“他毕竟是你的新上司。”(4)A:Ireallydislikedthemanyouintroducedmeto.B:Still,heisyournewboss.B意味着A应该尽量好自为之故译为：“尽管如此，他是你的新上司。”意义与翻译密切相关，而意义中的语用学上的意义更为突出。（意义包括语法、语义学上的意义和语用学上的意义）Incommunication,peoplemayusedifferentexpressionsforthesamepurpose.1.CanIhavesomewater?2.Haveyougotanythingtodrink?3.Shallwehavesomedrink?4.Don’tyouthinkwe’dbetterhavesomedrinknow?5.Doyoumindhavingsomedrink?6.Icandowithacupoftea.7.I’mreallythirsty.8.Iwonderifyouhavesomethingtoquenchmythirst.Incommunication,peoplemayusethesameexpressionfordifferentpurposes.Someonesays：CanIhelpyou?1.需要买点什么？（Ashopassistanttoacustomer）2.你找谁呀？（Ahosttoastrangerwhoknocksatthedoorofhishouse）3.我能帮你忙吗？4.我能为你做点什么？在翻译时，我们不能只求得原文与译文之间在语法与语义上的最大描述等值，而更为重要的是争取其在语用意义上的功能等值。翻译者先要认识原文的语用含义，透彻理解作者的语用意义。在这基础上再进入用译语表达意义这一层次。•thedescriptiveuse描述性运用--referstotheuseoflanguagewherebyspeakerssaywhattheyknoworthink.•theinterpretiveuse解释性运用--referstotheuseoflanguagewherebyspeakerscommunicatewhatotherssayorthink.a.Kate:Tomissicktoday.b.Jim:Katesaid“Tomissicktoday”.Naturally,translationfallsundertheinterpretivecategoryoflanguageuseinthatthetranslatorsneedtorestateinthetargetlanguagewhatsomeoneelsehassaidorwritteninthesourcelanguage.RelevanceTheory(Unit11&Unit12)关联理论•Relevancetheoryisanewcognitiveandcommunicativeapproachofpragmatics,whichisdevelopedbylinguistsDanSperberandDeirdreWilsonintheirco-authoredbookRelevance:CommunicationandCognitionin1986.•关联理论（RelevanceTheory）最早是由DanSperber（斯波伯）和DeirdreWilson（威尔逊）在《关联性：交际与认知》一书中提出来的，他们的学生Ernst-AugustGutt（格特）根据关联理论对翻译进行了研究，并在五年后出版了《翻译与关联：认知与语境》（TranslationandRelevance:CognitionandContext）。格特在此书中率先将关联理论应用于翻译研究中，并指出翻译是一种言语交际行为，是与大脑机制密切联系的推理过程。它不仅涉及语码，更重要的是根据动态的语境进行动态的推理，而推理所依据的就是关联性。作为交际的翻译，在对源语理解和翻译的过程中，人们对语码的选择所依赖的也是关联性。BasicConceptstotheRelevanceTheory※ThePrincipleofRelevance(Thecognitiveprinciple&Thecommunicativeprinciple)※DescriptiveandInterpretiveUse※TheInferentialNatureofCommunication※ContextandCognitiveEnvironment•Example:•A:WillJanebelong?B:SheiswithJohnnow.关联理论和言语行为认为：听话人需要越过字面意思,结合语境信息，通过推理达到说话人意义的正确把握。(1)Long?Short?DependsonJohn.(2)Johnisknowntobeveryquick/slowwithpeople.•Asaninterpretiveuseoflanguage,translationaimstoachieve:interpretiveresemblance解读相似性betweentheoriginalandthetranslation.•Suchinterrpretiveresemblanceconsistsideallyinthesharingofexplicatures(explicitmeaning)andimplicatures(implicitmeaning).•Themoreexplicaturesandimplicaturesthetwoversionsshare,themorecloselytheyresembleeachother.1914.1Translationascommunication•Tothatend,translationisbesttreatedastheinterpretiveuseoflanguageconstrainedbythesearchforoptimalrelevance最佳关联.originalinterpretationpresumptionofoptimalrelevancetargetreaders'interpreationpresumptionofoptimalrelevance20CommunicationandCognition(Sperber&Wilson,1995)21Presumptionofoptimalrelevance:a)Theostensivesimulusisrelevantenoughforittobeworththeaddressee'sefforttoprocessit.b)Theostensivestimulusisthemostrelevantonecompatiblewiththecommunicator'sabilitiesandpreferences.22interpretiveresemblanceoptimalrelevance•thetargetaudiencewillbeabletogetthesamecognitiveeffects认知效果fromthetargettext(TTforshort)asthesorceaudiencedofromthesorcetext(STforshort).Cognitiveeffects认知效果Cognitiveeffectisaresultofinteractionbetweennewandoldinformation.Anassumptionisrelevantincontextifandonlyifithassomecontextualeffectinthatcontext.23Peter:DoyoualsothinkMaryisgenerous?Jack:Shehasinvitedmetodinnerquiteanumberoftimes.Peter:DoyoualsothinkMaryisgenerous?Jack:Shehasinvitedmetodinnerquiteanumberoftimes.ExampleofanEnglishproverbThefoxmaygrowgreybutnevergood.Thefollowingarethreeversionsattemptedfor