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最佳起搏模式和部位上海交通大学附属第一人民医院上海市第一人民医院心内科孙宝贵最佳起搏模式和部位?心脏起搏器(1958)心动过缓房内房内传导同步房室房室顺序异常室内室内激动合适的起搏器类型合理的起搏方式最佳的起搏部位最佳起搏模式和部位?一.单腔起搏二.双腔起搏三.三腔起搏四.起搏部位五.频率反应一.单腔起搏优点:植入简单,价格便宜,电能消耗少部位:心室?心房?评价:心室-VVI-非生理心房-AAI-较生理(变时性)一.单腔起搏心房VS心室八十年代始:19,927例VVI起搏-2年AF为25%-30%Ctopp:AAI起搏HF和AF发生少我们的结果:VVI:AF4年为33%,5年为41%,6年为52%AAI:AF10%一.单腔起搏单纯心室起搏1.提供心率支持2.保证生命3.改善症状4.改善生活质量一.单腔起搏单纯心室起搏房室收缩不同步室房逆传起搏器综合征血流动力学-PaxinosCO增加SV、EF减少一.单腔起搏单纯心房起搏1.提供心率支持2.保留了房室顺序收缩以及正常心室激动顺序3.维持有效的心排血量4.严重AVB的风险为每年0.6%一.单腔起搏AAIVVIAF5.9%47%CHF15%37%死亡率8%23%Rosenqvist4年随访单腔起搏起搏模式的比较比较参数VVI(VVIR)AAI(AAIR)简单程度++++++长期起搏++++++长期感知++++++室房逆传+++-起搏综合征+++-心力衰竭++++慢性房颤++++中风++++死亡率++++一.单腔起搏如何选择单腔起搏?心室-VVI、VVIRAF;窦性心律禁忌/欧美心房-AAI、AAIR房室传导正常(2:1和文氏点)二.双腔起搏DDD优于VVI心房为基础的起搏保持了电活动的房室顺序房室机械活动的同步性生存率、生活质量、房颤与起搏综合征、运动耐力和减轻症状等有优势???二.双腔起搏非随机:AVB行双腔起搏可提高HF病人生存率,对非HF明显的影响。随机:双心室起搏有降低心血管病死率、卒中和房颤发作的趋势,无统计学差异。回顾性:36,312例分析结果,老年人进行双腔起搏可改善生存率。二.双腔起搏双腔起搏在改善生活质量方面也优于心室起搏,尤其在窦房结功能障碍的患者,Lamas等的研究中,有26%的心室起搏患者由于起搏器综合征而转换成双腔起搏。二.双腔起搏DDD非生理性:无法调整心率(变时功能不良)-RRP房室间期不能随心率而变化-AV自动RV激动顺序颠倒-寻找最佳V起搏点左右心室不同步-起搏部位PMT-抗PMT功能二.双腔起搏双腔起搏器的生理调整:AAI-房室传导正常DDD+房下传-自动或程控延长AV间期频率骤降或平稳功能-神经介导的晕厥DDD+短AV-肥厚梗阻性心肌病寻找最佳起搏部位三.三腔起搏LBBB(27-53%)对心脏的影响一.心电图QRS波群--增宽二.室间膈运动失常—反向三.双心室机械同步--障碍四.二尖瓣功能障碍—反流五.心肌收缩和舒张—减弱三.三腔起搏CRT作用•AVresynchronization•Biventricularresynchronization•Improvementofparadoxicalseptalwallmotion•Reducemitralregurgitation•ReduceLVvolume三.三腔起搏CRT对心电的影响CRT-QRS变窄;RV-LV时间缩短CRT-降低QT离散度和缩短MAPVT:VT起搏后明显减少?三.三腔起搏为什么起搏能治疗CHF?三.三腔起搏为什么起搏能治疗CHF?三.三腔起搏CTR有哪些方法双腔三腔三腔(V-V)Y接头RARVLVRARVLVRARVLV三.三腔起搏CRT不足•心外膜起搏-阈值问题•心脏激动:外膜-内膜•导线位置对心电激动顺序的影响•难寻找LV最晚收缩部位•如何调整V-V四.起搏部位1.右心室心尖部(RVA)起搏心室激动和舒缩顺序颠倒左右心室机械活动不同步室间隔异常运动(反向)长期RVA起搏心功能受损V宽度增加心脏损害加重TantengcoHumanRVApicalStudies•ImpairedDiastolicFunction–BetocchiS,etal.JACC1993;21:1124-31–BedottoJ,etal.JACC1990;15:658-64–StojnicB,etal.PACE1996;19:940-4•ReducedSystolicContraction–BetocchiS,etal.JACC1993;21:1124-31–TseHandLauC.JACC1997;29:744-9•AlteredMyocardialPerfusion–TseHandLauC.JACC1997;29:744-9四.起搏部位1.右心室心尖部(RVA)起搏Pacing-inducedcardiomyopathies1.起搏局部和周围心肌组织病理变化2.心肌排列紊乱、细胞肥大和退行性变化、细胞空泡‘线粒体形态和体积改变钙盐和脂肪沉积、纤维化3.心脏扩大、心肌肥厚及营养不良Tantengco四.起搏部位2.右心室流出道(RVOT)起搏A.RVOT接近房室结水平,RVOT起搏心室激动类似窦性激动顺序,心室舒缩接近生理,血流动力学效果较佳B.无器质心脏病RVOT起搏优于RVA起搏C.心功能不全RVOT起搏效果有待评价De-Cock,Buckingham四.起搏部位2.右心室流出道(RVOT)起搏24例CAVB:RVOT起搏12例,RVA起搏12例。RVA起搏V波较RVOT起搏宽,随访6个月二者无明显区别,18个月心肌灌注缺损区、室壁异常活动RVA明显增加,EF降低。Tse四.起搏部位3.室间膈近His(RVS-His)起搏保持正常的左右心室的激动顺序保持双心室活动活动的同步性与RVA起搏比,RVS-His起搏心脏正常无变化,而心功能异常有明显的优势RVS-His起搏血流动力学结果与心房起搏相似Mabo,Mera,ZhangDefinitionofSitesGiudiciandKarpawich(1999)RVInletSeptum:“Above,on,orbeneaththeannulusoftheseptal/anteriortricuspidvalveleaflets.RelativelynormalQRSmorphologyandaxis.”RVInfundibularSeptum:“Proximaltothepulmonicvalvedistalto,ornear,thecristasupraventricularis.Leftbundlebranch,verticalaxis.”RVOutflowSeptum:“Neartheseptal/moderatorbandinsertionatthemid-positionontherightventricularseptum.Leftbundlebranch,verticalaxis.”RVApicalSeptum:“Proximaltotheseptal/moderatorbandcontinuitythatdoesnottypicallyproduceaverticalQRSaxis.”KarpawichPP,etal.AmHeartJ1991;121:827-33RVApicalPacingRVSeptalPacingAreTheseLeadsintheSameLocation?Conclusion:NomajordifferencesbutsomesystolicimprovementrelativetoRVapexafter6monthsConclusion:NohemodynamicbenefitofRVOTpacingrelativetoRVapexafter3monthsConclusion:RVOTpacingpreservesLVsystolicanddiastolicperformancerelativetoRVapexafter6-18monthsTseHF,etal.JACC2002;40:1451-8BourkeJP,etal.Europace2002;4:219-28VictorF,etal.JACC1999;33:311-6四.起搏部位4.右心室多部位(RVMS)起搏RVS-His是一个部位RVA作为另一个部位可缩短右心室的电激动时间价值有待评价Pachon-Mateos五.频率反应ChronotropicIncompetence50%ofpacemakerrecipientshaveaninappropriatesinusmechanismtoexertionandemotionalstimuliSick-SinusSyndromepatientsfrequentlyhavesinusfunctiondeteriorationovertimeTheproblemcanbeprecipitatedorexacerbatedbytheneedforantianginalorantiarrhythmicmedication11555RestingRateOnsetActivityPlateauSlowReturnToBaselineEndActivityRapidRiseTimeHR(min-1)Benditt,DavidG.,RateAdaptivePacing;BlackwellPublishing1993.p.57,fig4.10Heart-RateResponseintheHealthyHeartMythsandRealityAge:Myth:Oldpatientsdon’’tneedrateadaptivepacingReality:OlderpacemakerpatientsrequirethesameheartratesupportasyoungerpatientsMythsandRealityWomen:Myth:Womendon’tneedrateadaptivepacingReality:WomenrequiremoreaggressiveheartratesupportthanmenChronotropicIncompetencePatientswithchronotropicincompetencecannotachieveanappropriateandnormalheartrateresponsetodailyactivitiesVVIandDDDpacingwillnothelpTheansweris“rateadaptivepacing”Australia326068HongKong19211343India637911Japan20152524China578~30~5Canada2031835USA023074Belgium121366France8181453WorldSurveyofCardiacPacing2001%VVIVVIRDDDDDDRArateadaptivesensor:MustaccuratelyemulatechangesincardiacoutputinalinearfashioninresponsetophysicalandemotionalstimuliShouldmeasureandrespondtosympathetictoneorcirculatingcatecholamineslevelsSensorsforRateAdaptivePacingSpecialLeadpHTemperatureOxygenSaturationRVdP/dtRVStrokeVolumeSensorsforRateAdaptivePacingStandardLeadActivityRespiratoryRateMinuteVentilationQTIntervalPacedDepolarizationInteg
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