自考英语国家概况名词解释(余志远删减版)

英语国家概况名词解释（余志远删减版）3.TheBritishCommonwealth英联邦TheBritishEmpirewasreplacedbytheBritishCommonwealthortheCommonwealthofNationsin1931.ItisafreeassociationofindependentcountriesthatwereoncecoloniesofBritain.Membernationsarejoinedtogethereconomicallyandhavecertaintradingarrangements.TheCommonwealthhasnospecialpowers.ThedecisiontobecomeamemberoftheCommonwealthislefttoeachmembernation.Atpresentthereare50memberscountieswhitinthecommonwealth(1991).是曾为英国殖民地，但现在已经独立构成的自由联合体。10.BritishislesTheBritishIslesismadeupoftwolargeislandsandhundredsofsmallones.ThetwolargeislandsareGreatBritainandIreland.13.GeoffreyChaucerHewasanimportantEnglishpoetinthefourteenthcentury.HisbestknownisTheCanterburyTales,whichdescribesagroupofpilgrimstravellingtoCanterburytovisitThomasBecket’stomb坟墓.BecausehewasthefirstimportantEnglishpoettowriteinEnglish.Hehasbeenknownasthe“FatherofEnglishPoetry”.14.Joanofarc:圣女贞德shewasanationalheroineofFranceduringthehundredyear’swar,shesuccessfullyledthefrancetodrivetheEnglishoutoffrance.16.ThePuritans清教徒ThePuritanswerewealthy,well-educatedgentlemen.TheywantedtopurifytheChurchofEnglandandthreatenedwithreligiouspersecution,thePuritansleaderssawtheNewworldasthearefugeprovidedbyGodforthoseHemeanttosave.19.Heptarchy七王国DuringtheAnglo-Saxon'stime,Britainwasdividedintomanykingdoms,amongwhichthereweresevenprincipalkingdomsofKent,Essex,Sussex,Wessex,EastAnglia,MerciaandNorthumbria.TheyweregiventhenameofHeptarchy.20.St.AugustineIn597,PopeGregoryIsentSt.AugustinetoEnglandtoconverttheEnglishPeopletoChristianity.Hewasverysuccessfulinconvertingthekingandthenobility.HewasthefirstarchbishopofCanterbury.教皇，格里高力一世派圣奥古斯丁到英格兰去使英格兰人皈依基督教。21.Witan贤人会议Witanwasthecouncilormeetingofthewisemen.ItwascreatedbytheAnglo-Saxonstoadvisetheking.It'sthebasisofthePrivyCouncilwhichstillexiststoday.22.AlfredtheGreatAlfredwasastrongkingofWessex.HedefeatedtheDanesandreachedafriendlyagreementwiththem.HefoundedastrongfleetandisknownasThefatheroftheBritishnavy.HereorganizedtheSaxonarmy,makingitmoreefficient.Healsotranslatedbooksandestablishedschools.AllthisearnedhimthetitleAlfredtheGreat.23.WilliamtheConqueror威廉征服WilliamwasDukeofNormandy.HelandedhisarmyinOct.1066anddefeatedkingHarold.ThenhewascrownedkingofEnglandonChristmasDaythesameyear.HeestablishedastrongNormangovernmentandthefeudalsysteminEngland.建立了封建制度24.ThebattleofHastingsIn1066,KingEdwarddiedwithnoheir,theWitanchoseHaroldasking.William,DukeofNormandy,invadedEngland.OnOctober14,thetwoarmiesmetnearHasting.Afteraday'sbattle,Haroldwaskilledandhisarmycompletelydefeated.SothisbattlewasveryimportantonthewayoftheRomanconquest.哈罗德被威廉击败。25.TheDanelaw施行丹麦法的地区Bythemiddleoftheninthcentury,theVikingsandtheDaneswereposingathreattotheSaxonkingdomofWessexwhosecapitalwasWinchester.Alfred,KingofWessex,wasstrongenoughtodefeattheDanesandcametoarelativelyfriendlyagreementwiththemin879.TheDanesgainedcontrolofthenorthandeastofEngland(-theDanelaw),whileAlfredwouldruletherest.协议规定丹麦人控制英格兰北部和西部（丹麦法区），而阿尔弗雷德统治其他地区。26.NormanConquestTheNormanConquestof1066isperhapsthebest-knowneventinEnglishhistory.WilliamtheconquerorconfiscatedalmostallthelandandgaveittohisNormanfollowers.HereplacedtheweakSaxonrulewithastrongNormangovernment.SothefeudalsystemwascompletelyestablishedinEngland.27.DomesdayBookItisabookcompiledbyagroupofclerksunderthesponsorshipofKingWilliamtheFirstin1086.Thebookwasinfactapropertyrecord.ItwastheresultofageneralsurveyofEngland.Itrecordedtheextent,value,stateofcultivation,andownershipoftheland.ItwasoneoftheimportantmeasuresadoptedbyWilliamItoestablishthefullfeudalsysteminEngland.Today,itiskeptinthePublicRecordsOfficeinLondon.28.TheBlackDeathItisamodernnamegiventothedearlybubonicplague,anepidemicdiseasespreadthroughEuropeinthefourteenthcenturyparticularlyin1348-1349.Itcamewithoutwarning,andwithoutanycue.InEngland,itkilledalmosthalfofthetotalpopulation,causingfar-reachingeconomicconsequences.29.thedivinerightsofkings君权神授thetheorythatakingruleswiththeauthorityofgod.30.TheWarsofRoses玫瑰战争(考过)thenameWarsoftheRoseswasrefertothebattlesbetweentheHouseofLancaster,symbolizedbythereadrose,andthatofYork,symbolizedbythewhite,from1455to1485.HenryTudor,descendantofDukeofLancasterwonvictoryatBosworthFireldin1485andputhtcountryundertheruleoftheTudors.FromtheseWars,Englishfeudalismreceiveditsdeathblow.Thegreatmedievalnobilitywasmuchweakened.31.theSpanishArmada:西班牙无敌舰队thefleetsenttoinvadeEnglandbyPhilipIIofspainin1588.32.TheGloriousRevolutionof1688光荣革命In1685CharlesIIdiedandwassucceededbyhisbrotherJamesII.JameswasbroughtupinexileinEurope,wasaCatholic.Hehopedtorulewithoutgivinguphispersonalreligiousvies.ButEnglandwasnomoretolerantofaCatholickingin1688than40yearsago.SotheEnglishpoliticiansrejectedJamesII,andappealedtoaProtestantking,WilliamofOrange,toinvadeandtaketheEnglishthrone.WilliamlandedinEnglandin1688.Thetakeoverwasrelativelysmooth,withnobloodshed,noranyexecutionoftheking.ThiswasknownastheGloriousRevolution.34.BloodMary血腥玛丽ItisthenicknamegiventoMaryI,theEnglishQueenwhosucceededtothethroneafterHenryVIII.ShewasadevoutCatholicandha