自考英语词汇学笔记整理

Chapter11-Thedefinitionofawordcomprisesthefollowingpoints:(1)aminimalfreeformofalanguage;(2)asoundunity;(3)aunitofmeaning;(4)aformthatcanfunctionaloneinasentence.languageAwordisaminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensoundandmeaningandsyntacticfunction.1词定义包括以下几点：（1）一门语言中最小的自由形式;（2）一个声音的统一体（3）一个意义单位;（4）在一个句子中独立起作用的一个形式。词是一门语言中具有一定的声音一门语言中具有一定的声音、词是一门语言中具有一定的声音、意义和句法功能的最小的自由形式2-SoundandMeaning:symbolicconnectionisalmostalwaysarbitraryandconventional.Adogiscalledadognotbecausethesoundandthethreelettersthatmakeupthewordjustautomaticallysuggesttheanimalinquestion.2-声音和意义：象征性联系几乎总是任意和约定成俗的狗称为狗不是因为这个声音以及这三个字母在一起就能自动表示这种动物。3-OldEnglish,thespeechofthetimewasrepresentedverymuchmorefaithfullyinwritingthanitistoday.TheinternalreasonforthisisthattheEnglishalphabetwasadoptedfromtheRomans,whichdoesnothaveaseparatelettertorepresenteachsoundinthelanguagesothatsomelettersmustdodoubledutyorworktogetherincombination.3–古代英语，随着语言的发展，声音和形式之间的差异越来越大。产生这种差异的内在原因是英语拼写采用了拉丁字母，从而使英语中的每个音位并不能都用单独的字母来表示，有些字母必须起双重职能或组合在一起来表示一个音4Anotherreasonisthatthepronunciationhaschangedmorerapidlythanspellingovertheyears,andinsomecasesthetwohavedrawnfarapart.另一个原因是，发音比拼写变化的快，在某些情况下，两者产生了很大的差异。Athirdreasonisthatsomeofthedifferenceswerecreatedbytheearlyscribes.第三个原因是，是由于早期抄写僧所造成的一些差异。Finallycomestheborrowing,whichisanimportantchannelofenrichingtheEnglishvocabulary.最后一个原因是外来词。外来词是丰富了英语词汇的重要途径。5-Vocabulary:Allthewordsinalanguagemakeupitsvocabulary.Notonlycanitrefertothetotalnumberofthewordsinalanguage,butitcanstandforallthewordsusedinaparticularhistoricalperiod.Wealsouseittorefertoallthewordsofagivendialect,agivenbook,agivendisciplineandthewordspossessedbyanindividualperson.Thegeneralestimateofthepresent-dayEnglishvocabularyisovermillionwords.5-词汇：一门语言中所有的词构成该语言的词汇。“词汇”一词具有多重含义。它不仅可以指一门语言的词汇量，还可以指某一特制定时期的词汇。我们还可以用该词指称某一方言的词汇、某一本书的词汇、某一学科的词汇，甚至还可指某个人的词汇量。英语是世界上高度发达的语言之一，也是词汇量最大、最丰富的语言之一。据初步统计，当代英语词汇量已达100多万词。6-Wordsmayfallintothebasicwordstockandnonbasicvocabularybyusefrequency,intocontentwordsandfunctionalwordsbynotion,andintonativewordsandborrowedwordsbyorigin.按使用频率分，词可以分为基本词汇和非基本词汇;按有无实义来分，词可以分为实义词和功能词；按起源分，它又可分为本族语词和外来语词。7-Thebasicwordstockisthefoundationofthevocabularyaccumulatedovercenturiesandformsthecommoncoreofthelanguage.ThoughwordsofthebasicwordstockconstituteasmallpercentageoftheEnglishvocabulary,yetitisthemostimportantpartofit.Thesewordshaveobviouscharacteristics.-一门语言的基本词汇是长期积累下来的，是该语言的共核。虽然英语中的基本词汇只占总词汇量的一小部分，但却是最重要的部分。基本词汇具有下列明显的特点。8-Allnationalcharacter.Wordsofthebasicwordstockdenotethemostcommonthingsandphenomenaoftheworldaroundus,whichareindispensabletoallthepeoplelanguage。relatingwhospeakthelanguage。Theyincludewordsrelatingtothefollowingrespects:Naturalphenomena/Humanbodyandrelations/Namesofplantsandanimals/Action,size,domain,state/Numerals,pronouns,prepositions,conjunctions全民性。基本词汇指称我们周围世界最常见的食物和现象，是讲这门语言的人们所必不可少的。基本词汇包括以下几个方面相关的词：自然现象/人体和人们之间的关系/动、植物名称/行为、尺寸、范畴，状态/数词、代词、介词、连词等9-Stability.Wordsofthebasicwordstockhavebeeninuseforcenturies.-稳定性。基本词汇长期为人们所使用。10Productivity.Wordsofthebasicwordstockaremostlyrootwordsormonosyllabicwords.Theycaneachbeusedalone,andatthesametimecanformnewwordswithotherrootsandaffixes.能产性。基本词汇大多根词或单音节词。他们可以分别单独使用，也可以和其他根源和词缀一起构成新词。11-Polysemy.Wordsbelongingtothebasicwordstockoftenpossessmorethanonemeaningbecausemostofthemhaveundertonesemanticchangesinthecourseofuseandbecomepolysemous.多义词。基本词中的词由于长期使用过程中产生了语义变化，単义变成了多义。12-Collocability.Manywordsofthebasicwordstockquiteanumberofsetexpressions,idiomaticusages,proverbialsayingsandthelike.–搭配性。基本词汇中的许多词形成了诸多固定的词语，惯用用法，习语和谚语等。Words,voidofthestatedcharacteristics,donotbelongtothecommomcoreofthelanguage.theyincludethefollowing.不具备上述特点的词不属于改语言的共核，包括：13-Terminologyconsistsoftechnicaltermsusedinparticulardisciplinesandacademicareas术语。是指特定学科和叙述领域所使用的专有名词。14-Jargonreferstothespecializedvocabulariesbywhichmembersofparticulararts,sciences,tradesandprofessionscommunicateamongthemselvessuchasinbusiness.-行话。是流行于艺术，科学，商业和其他职业内部的专有名词。15-Slangbelongstothesub-standardlanguage,acategorythatseemstostandbetweenthestandardgeneralwordsincludinginformalonesavailabletoeveryoneandin-groupwordslikecant,jargon,andargot,allofwhichareassociatedwith,ormostavailableto,specificgroupsofthepopulation.-俚语属非标准语言，介于一般标准词汇和团体内部用词之间，如套语、行话和黑语，都在特定人群中流行。Slangiscreatedbychangingorextendingthemeaningofexistingwordsthoughsomeslangwordsarenewcoinagesaltogether.Slangiscolorful,blunt,expressiveand2impressive.俚语大多还是由现有词汇语义的改变或引申，只有少数是自创的，俚语在表达上富有色彩，直接，表现力强，效果明显。16-Argotgenerallyreferstothejargonofcriminals黑话通常指罪犯的行话.17-Dialectalwordsarewordsusedonlybyspeakersofthedialectinquestion.方言词限于讲方言的人所使用。18-Archaismsarewordsorformsthatwereonceincommonusebutarenowrestrictedonlytospecializedorlimiteduse.古语词是指过去曾经广泛使用而现在仅限于某些特殊用法的词。19-Neologismsarenewly-createdwordsorexpressions,orwordsthathavetakenonnewmeanings.-新词语是指新创造的词语或又产生新义的旧词。20-Bynotion,wordscanbegroupedintocontentwordsandfunctionalwords.Contentwordsdenoteclearnotionsandthusareknownasnotionalwords.Theyincludenouns,verbs,adjectives,adverbsandnumerals,whichdenoteobjec