英美文学常识必备!!!

1英国文学(EnglishLiterature)450-1066OldEnglish(orAnglo-Saxon)Period古英语（或盎格鲁—撒克逊）时期1066-1500MiddleEnglishPeriod中古英语时期1500-16601516-15781578-16251625-1660TheRenaissance文艺复兴1)ThebeginningoftheRenaissance2)Thefloweringperiod3)TheepilogueoftheRenaissance1660-1785TheNeoclassicalPeriod新古典主义时期1785-1830TheRomanticPeriod浪漫主义时期1832-1901TheVictorianPeriod维多利亚时期1901-1914TheEdwardianPeriod爱德华时期1910-1936TheGeorgianPeriod乔治五世时期1914-TheModernPeriod现代时期1945-Postmodernism后现代主义一、OldandMedievalEnglishLiterature中古英语文学(8世纪-14世纪)1)TheOldEnglishPeriod/TheAnglo-SaxonPeriod古英语时期(449-1066)a.paganpoetry(异教诗歌):Beowulf《贝奥武甫》-最早的诗歌；长诗(3000行)heroism&fatalism&Christianqualitiesthefolklegendsoftheprimitivenortherntribes;aheroicScandinavianepiclegend;善恶有报b.religiouspoetry:Caedmon(凯德蒙610-680):thefirstknownreligiouspoet;thefatherofEnglishsongCynewulf(基涅武甫9C):TheChristc.8thC,Anglo-Saxonprose:VenerableBede(673-735);AlfredtheGreat(848-901)2)TheMedievalPeriod中世纪(1066-ca.1485/1500):a.Romance中世纪传奇故事(1200-1500):theMiddleAges;英雄诗歌无名诗人-SirGawainandtheGreenKnight《高文爵士与绿色骑士》:Celticlegend;verse-romance;2530lines~14thC,AgeofChaucer:*GeoffreyChaucer(乔叟1340-1400):文风：vividandexactlanguage,hispoetryisfullofvigorandswiftnessthefatherofEnglishpoetry;thefatherofEnglishfiction;首创“双韵体”;首位用伦敦方言写作英国作家TheCanterburyTales:pilgrimsstories受Boccaccio(薄伽丘)-Decameron《十日谈》启发TheHouseofFame;TroilusandCriseyde;TheRomauntoftheRose《玫瑰罗曼史》(译作)*WilliamLangland(朗兰1332-1400)：TheVisionofPiersPlowman《农夫皮尔斯之幻象》:普通人眼中的社会抗议b.15thC,Englishballads:ThomasMalory(1395-1471):Morted’Arthur《亚瑟王之死》-圆桌骑士二、TheRenaissancePeriod英国文艺复兴(1500-1660):humanism十四行诗，文艺复兴，无韵诗，伊丽莎白戏剧1)诗歌HenryHoward(霍华德1516-1547)a.ThomasWyatt(怀亚特1503-1542):thefirsttointroducethesonnetintoEnglishliteratureb.SirPhilipSidney(雪尼爵士1554-1586)：代表了当时的理想-“thecompleteman”DefenseofPoetry《为诗辩护》AstrophelandStella;Arcadia《阿卡狄亚》:aproseromancefilledwithlyrics;aforerunnerofthemodernworldc.EdmundSpenser(斯宾塞1552-1599):thepoets’poet;non-dramaticpoetof伊丽莎白时代-longallegoricalromance文风：aperfectmelody,araresenseofbeautyandasplendidimagination.TheShepherdCalendarTheFaerieQueen《仙后》：longpoemforQueenElizabeth;Allegory-nine-lineversestanza/theSpenserianStanzaSpenserianStanza(斯宾塞诗体):Ninelines,thefirsteightlinesisiniambic(抑扬格)pentameter(五步诗),andtheninthlineisaniambichexameter(六步诗)line.22)Prose散文a.ThomasMore(莫尔1478-1535):欧洲早期空想社会主义创始人Utopia《乌托邦》:More与海员的对话b.JohnLyly(黎里1553-160，剧作家&小说家)：EupheusEuphuism(夸饰文体):Abundantuseofbalancedsentences,alliterations(头韵)andotherartificialprosodic(韵律)means.Theuseofoddsimiles(明喻)andcomparisonsc.FrancisBacon(培根1561-1626)：英国首位散文家，中世纪至现代欧洲时期;近代唯物主义哲学奠基人和近代实验科学先驱thetrumpeterofanewage;Essays(论说文集)：OfStudies,OfLove,OfBeauty:thefirsttrueEnglishproseclassic3)戏剧a.ChristopherMarlowe(马洛1564-1593):UniversityWits大学才子派EdwardII；TheJewofMalta《马耳他的犹太人》firstmadeblankverse(无韵诗：不押韵的五步诗)theprincipleinstrumentofEnglishdramaTheTragicalHistoryofDoctorFaustus《浮士德博士的悲剧》：根据德国民间故事书写成;完善了无韵体诗。TamburlainetheGreat《帖木儿大帝》：残酷而野心勃勃的帝王b.WilliamShakespeare(剧作家&诗人,1564-1616):154sonnets(十四行诗)+37plays+longpoems;现实主义创始人16comedies:MerchantofVenice(Shylock;Antonio;Bassanio;Portia);TheTamingoftheShrew《驯悍记》AMid-SummerNight’sDream;AsYouLikeIt《皆大欢喜》;TheTwelfthNight;TheComedyofErrors;MuchAdoAboutNothing《无事生非》;TheWinter’sTale《冬天的故事》;AllisWellthatEndsWell《终成眷属》11tragedies:RomeoandJuliet;Hamlet;Macbeth《麦克白》;TheTempest《暴风雨》Othello:aheroOthellovs.badmanIago;VeniceandCyprusKingLear:BritishKing;greatestachievement;mostcomplexinplotandmostpainful10historicalplays:HenryIV;HenryVc.BenJonson(琼生1562-1637诗人&剧作家&批评家):ComedyofHumors;Volpone《狐狸》;TheAlchemist《炼金术士》三、17世纪文学1)LiteratureoftheRevolutionPeriod(AgeofMilton)资产阶级革命时期:poetry(Metaphysical玄学派+Cavalier骑士派)a.JohnDonne(多恩1572-1631)：玄学派创始人;AValediction:ForbiddingMourning《临别辞：莫悲伤》文风：obscene,vulgarandseriousphilosophicalthinking–theconflictbetweenbodyandsoulTheHolySonnets;TheFlea;GoandCatchaFallingStar;TheSongsandSonnets（主题-爱）b.JohnMilton(弥尔顿1608-1674)：RenaissanceandReformation(宗教改革)ParadiseRegained《复乐园》;ParadiseLost《失乐园》:thegreatestEnglishepic;SatanistheheroSamsonAgonistes《力士参孙》：closetdrama;forreadingratherthanperforming;OnHisBlindness《目盲自咏》;Areopagitica《论出版自由》;Comus;L’allegro《快乐的人》;Lycidasc.JohnBunyan(班扬1628-1688):prosewritinginthePuritanAge;文风：simpleandlivelyprosestyleThePilgrim’sProgress《天路历程》:proseallegorydepictingahumansoulsearchingforsalvation宗教寓言“具有永恒意义的百科全书”，英国文学史上里程碑式著作。与但丁《神曲》、奥古斯丁《忏悔录》并列世界三大宗教题材文学杰作。2)LiteratureoftheRestorationPeriod(AgeofDryden)王政复辟/德莱顿时期:tendancytoRealismandFormalismrestorationliterature:cliquishculture小集团文化;Frenchclassicaltastea.JohnDryden(德莱顿1631-1700,批评家&戏剧家)：firstpoetlaureate(桂冠诗人);thefatherofEnglishCriticismestablishtheheroiccouplet(英雄史诗式两行诗)asthefashionforsatiric,didactic(说教)anddescriptive(描写)poetry最先提出“玄学诗人”一词；他创造的“英语双韵体couplet”,成为英国诗歌的主要形式之一。AllforLove;Alexander’sFeast;AnEssayofDramaticPoesy《论戏剧诗歌》:thegreatplaywrightsofGreeceandRome,英国文艺复兴&当代法国四、18世纪英国文学:Realism(关注社会现状，普通人)TheNeoclassicalPeriod(17世纪中期-18世纪)~Enlightenment(启蒙运动):18thC,法国-西欧,aprogressiveintellectualmovement.文艺复兴的衍伸；资本主义反对封建主义Enlightentheworldwit