unit-6-a-clean--well-lighted-place

AClean,Well-lightedPlaceTonereferstothemethodsbywhichwritersconveyattitudestowardthesubjectmatter,characters,oraudience.Forthisreason,toneandattitudeareoftencloselymingledtogether.Thedistinctionliesinthefactthattonerefersnottoattitudesbuttothosetechniquesofpresentationthatrevealtheseattitudes.Wordchoiceandsentencestructurehelptocreatethetoneofawork,whichmaybeintimateordistant,bitteroraffectionate,straightforwardorcautious,supportiveorcritical,respectfulordisdainful.Itreferstothewayinwhichthewriteruseslanguage,selectingandarrangingwordstosaywhatheorshewantstosay.Inotherwords,styleismadeupofanauthor’schoiceandarrangementofdictiontoconveybothathemeandtheauthor’sindividuality.ErnestHemingwayLostGeneration（迷惘的一代）IcebergTheoryAnAmericannovelistShort-storywriterJournalistPulitzerPrize(普利策奖)in1953NobelPrizeforLiteraturein1954TheSunalsoRises(1926)《太阳照常升起》AFarewelltoArms(1929)《永别了，武器》ForWhomtheBellTolls(1940)《丧钟为谁而鸣》TheOldManandtheSea(1952)《老人与海》“Butmanisnotmadefordefeat.”“Amancanbedestroyedbutnotdefeated.”Thedignityofmovementoftheicebergisduetoonlyone-eighthofitbeingabovewater.Leavingoutessentialinformationofthestoryinthebeliefthatomissioncansometimesstrengthentheplotofthenovel.AllHemingway’sprotagonistsstruggletokeepseven-eighthsoftheircharacterhiddenbelowthesurfaceoftheirconsciouslives,showingonlyacoolexteriortotheoutsideworld.Inprosestyle,onlyone-eighthofthefullmeaningofastoryisrevealed,andcarefulreadersmustprobetheirownexperiencetoaccountforallthatisbelowthesurface.“AClean,Well-lightedPlace”InacaféatalatenightOldmanYoungwaiterElderwaiterDeathNothingnessCharactersYouthandageBeliefanddoubtLightanddarknessSelfishnessandcompassionThemes………..Whatdidhefear?Itwasnotafearordread,Itwasanothingthatheknewtoowell.Itwasallanothingandamanwasanothingtoo.Itwasonlythatandlightwasallitneededandacertaincleannessandorder.Somelivedinitandneverfeltitbutheknewitallwasnadaypuesnadaynadaypuesnada.他怕什么？他不是怕，也不是发慌。他心里很有数，这是虚无缥缈。全是虚无缥缈，人也是虚无缥缈的。人所需要的只是虚无缥缈和亮光以及干干净净和井井有条。有些人生活于其中却从来没有感觉到，可是，他知道一切都是虚无缥缈的，一切都是为了虚无缥缈，虚无缥缈，为了虚无缥缈。Ournadawhoartinnada,nadabethynamethykingdomnadathywillbenadainnadaasitisinnada.Giveusthisnadaourdailynadaandnadausournadaaswenadaournadasandnadausnotintonadabutdeliverusfromnada;puesnada.Hailnothingfullofnothing,nothingiswiththee.我们的虚无缥缈就在虚无缥缈中，虚无缥缈是你的名字，你的王国也叫虚无缥缈，你将是虚无缥缈中的虚无缥缈，因为原来就是虚无缥缈。给我们这个虚无缥缈吧，我们日常的虚无缥缈，虚无缥缈是我们的，我们的虚无缥缈，因为我们是虚无缥缈的，我们的虚无缥缈，我们无不在虚无缥缈中，可是，把我们打虚无缥缈中拯救出来吧；为了虚无缥缈。欢呼全是虚无缥缈的虚无缥缈，虚无缥缈与汝同在。(parody)的手法，戏仿就是二次创作，有可能达到反讽的效果，比如《大话西游》对西游记就是戏仿。首先戏仿的是主祷文，没错，就是今天美国宾馆依然常见的主祷文。OurFather,whoartinheaven,hallowedbythyname.Thykingdomcome,thywillbedoneonearthasitisinheaven.Giveusthisdayourdailybreadandforgiveusourdebtsasweforgiveourdebtors.Andleadusnotintotemptation,butdeliverusfromevil;amen.圣母玛利亚的祷文。HailMary,fullofgrace,theLordiswiththee.FriedrichNietzsche[ˈni:tʃə](尼采)Nihilismisthebeliefthatallvaluesarebaselessandthatnothingcanbeknownorcommunicated.Itisoftenassociatedwithextremepessimismandaradicalskepticism(极端怀疑论)thatcondemnsexistence.Atruenihilistwouldbelieveinnothing,havenoloyalties,andnopurposeotherthan,perhaps,animpulsetodestroy.WhyisNadaor“Nothing”repeatedinthestory?Whatarethesymbolicmeaningsofthe“light”,“night”,or“shadows”inthestory?1Lookattheplot2Analyzethecharacters3Identifythesetting4Examinethenarrativepointofview5Analyzethestyle,tone,andlanguage6Focusonsymbolismandallegory7Identifythethemes1.Whatconflictsoccurinthestory?2.Howaretheseconflictsdevelopedorresolved?3.Whoaretheprotagonistorantagonist?4.Whatarethecharacters’moststrikingtraits?5.Atwhattimeperiodandinwhatgeographiclocationdoestheactionofthestoryoccur?6.Howdoesthesettingaffectthecharactersofthestory?7.Howdoesitdeterminetherelationshipamongthecharacters?8.Howdoesthesettingaffecttheplot?9.Doesthesettingcreateamoodoratmosphereforthestory?10.Inwhatwaydoesthesettingreinforcethecentralideasthatthestoryexamines?11.Whatperson(s)is/aretellingthestory?12.Isthestorytoldinthefirstpersonorinthethirdperson?13.Doesthewritermakeanyunusualuseofdictionorsyntax?14.Doesthewriteruseimaginativefiguresofspeech?Patternofimagery?15.Whatstylesorlevelsofspeechareassociatedwithparticularcharacters?16.Doesthenarrator’stonerevealhisorherattitudetowardcharactersorevents?17.Isthetoneofthestoryplayful,humorous,ironic,satirical,serious,solemn,bitter,formal,orinformal?18.Doestheauthoruseanyobjectsorideassymbolically?19.Doesthesameobjecthavedifferentmeaningsatdifferentplacesinthestory?20.Whatisthecentraltheme?Andwhatotherthemesareexplored?21.Whatelementsofthestorydevelopthecentraltheme?22.Howdoesthetitleofthestorycontributetoreaders’understandingofthecentraltheme?1Lookattheplot2Analyzethecharacters3Identifythesetting4Examinethenarrativepointofview5Analyzethestyle,tone,andlanguage6Focusonsymbolismandallegory7Identifythethemes1.Whatconflictsoccurinthestory?2.Howaretheseconflictsdevelopedorresolved?3.Whoaretheprotagonistorantagonist?4.Whatarethecharacters’moststrikingtraits?5.Atwhattimeperiodandinwhatgeographiclocationdo