供应链管理中的一些优化模型及求解方法

学号：11434211常州大学毕业设计（论文）（2015届）题目供应链管理中的一些优化模型及求解方法学生干心一学院数理学院专业班级信息112校内指导教师徐明华专业技术职务教授校外指导老师专业技术职务二○一五年六月供应链管理中的一些优化模型及求解方法摘要：供应链管理是一种全新的管理方法和管理思想，它不仅关注企业的内部资源和竞争力，更关注企业外部的资源和竞争力，它强调集成整个供应链上对资源竞争力。本文介绍了供应链产生的背景、原因，说明了供应链的研究现状以及发展趋势。文中还对供应链管理的基本理论和方法进行介绍，详细讨论了供应链环境下的采购问题，其中涉及SWOT分析法、AHP法（层次分析法）、加权指数评估系统等方法和采购模型，如集群式供应链管理下的采购模型等。最后再根据实际问题——供应链管理下的原油批量采购模型通过优化模型求解出不同条件下的最佳方案。关键词：供应链；采购管理；AHP法；SWOT分析法；原油采购；SomeoptimizationmodelsandsolvingmethodsbasedonthesupplychainmanagementAbstract:Supplychainmanagementisnotonlyconcernedabouttheinternalresourcesandcompetitiveness,butalsofocusesonbusiness’sexternalresourcesandcompetitiveness.Itisanewtheoryandmethodofbusinessmanagementemphasizingthecompetitivenessoftheentiresupplychaintointegrateresources.Thispaperintroducesthebackground,causes,researchstatusanddevelopmenttendencyofthesupplychain.Thearticleintroducedthebasictheoriesandmethodsofsupplychainmanagementaswell,anddiscussedindetailtheprocurementsupplychainenvironment,whichinvolvesSWOTanalysis,AHPmethod(AnalyticHierarchyProcessMethod),theweightedindexevaluationsystemandothermethodsandprocurementmodelssuchasclustersupplychainprocurementmodelunderthemanagementandthelike.Finally,accordingtotheactualproblem-thebulkpurchaseofcrudeoilsupplychainmanagementmodelforsolvingthebestunderdifferentconditionsbyoptimizingthemodel.Keywords:supplychain;purchasingmanagement;AHP(analytichierarchyprocess)method;SWOTmethod;crudeoilpurchasing;目录1前言···················································11.1供应链产生的背景·············································11.2供应链管理的形成与发展········································11.3供应链管理的研究现状·········································31.4我国供应链管理中存在的问题····································41.5供应链管理的发展趋势··········································42供应链管理理论和方法简介·········································62.1供应链及供应链管理理论········································62.1.1供应链的概念··············································62.1.2供应链的结构模型··········································62.1.3供应链的类型··············································72.1.4供应链管理的概念··········································72.1.5供应链管理的内容··········································82.1.6供应链管理与传统管理的区别································92.2供应链管理中的采购···········································102.2.1采购和采购管理的定义·····································102.2.2供应链管理环境下的采购···································102.2.2.1传统的采购模式·······································102.2.2.2传统采购模式的问题···································112.2.2.3基于供应链的采购模型·································112.2.2.4利用SWOT法分析供应链管理下的采购····················122.2.3供应链管理环境下的准时采购策略···························122.2.3.1JIT采购的基本思想和原理······························132.2.3.2JIT采购对供应链管理的意义····························132.2.3.3JIT采购的特点········································132.2.3.4JIT采购的实施········································142.2.4采购过程管理决策········································142.2.4.1采购计划策略·········································142.2.4.2采购过程管理策略·····································152.2.4.3采购货源决策与货源战略·······························152.2.4.4货源寻找与采购中的多标准决策模型·····················162.2.4.5集群式供应链采购模型·································183供应链环境下原油批量采购模型···································203.1问题描述·····················································203.2模型的建立···················································203.2.1问题的假设···············································203.2.2决策变量确定·············································213.2.3目标函数·················································213.2.4约束条件·················································223.3模型求解·····················································233.3.1模型分析·················································233.3.2模型求解·················································243.4计算结果·····················································254结论与展望······················································31参考文献··························································32致谢······························································33常州大学本科毕业设计（论文）第1页共33页第一章前言1.1供应链产生的背景企业环境的变化在1980年代以后尤其剧烈，无论是外部的宏观微观环境，还是企业自身内部环境，都不可避免的发生着巨变。下述方面就是直接体现：（一）科技的迅猛发展。科技的发展随之而来的是技术的商业化，越来越多针对性更强的技术被商业化，深刻影响着企业。如今，企业之间的合作不再受地域限制，表现得更加紧密。企业也以国际指标要求自己生产，也扩展了海外市场，提高了企业外部资源的利用率。（二）趋于一体化的全球经济。在经济全球化的大环境下，企业单单依靠自身的实力很难获得竞争优势。面对激烈的市场竞争，企业只有联合一条路可走，即与上下游企业联合，才能立于不败之地。（三）市场急剧变化。企业的角逐带来生产效率的提高，出现生产过剩的状况，随之而来的是市场的变化——卖方向买方市场转变。在买方市场里，用户对产品的质量、交货期等要求更苛刻，企业受到前所未有的挑战。（四）随着传统盈利模式不再盈利，企业开始探寻新的利润源，由此便产生了供应链管理。1980年代之前出现了一些新的制造技艺及战略，如JIT、看板管理、LP、全面质量管理等很大程度地降低了企业生产成本，提高了企业的竞争优势，成为当时个别领先企业的新利润源泉。于是，众多企业纷纷效仿实施。然而尽管企业将制造成本尽可能的减小了，可传统的盈利模式仍然不可遏止的在枯竭，这时人们才真正意识到必须寻找新的利润源了。（五）核心竞争力理论被现代接受并运用。一个企业应该发挥自身的竞争优势，将自身的优势力量运用在其最擅长的领域，甚至可以将其余业务统统都外包出去。因为无论哪家企业都不可能在各个领域内都是佼佼者，只有这样才能大幅度提高企业的利润。1.2供应链管理的形成与发展（一）20世纪80年代“纵向一体化”的管理方式为大多数企业所采用，其方法是在发展核心业务的基础上，包揽其他辅助业务的生产。企业为实施多元化运营投资、控股甚至是兼并其他小企业来扩大企业运作规模。可事实上，正是由于这些企业什么都想管，什么都自己造，管理难度极大不说，资源浪费不计其数。美国的MichaelE.Porter在1980年代末提出了“价值链”的概念，基于“价值链”的概念产生和发展了供应链管理模式。愈发激烈的市场竞争使得企业不得不开始重视用户的需求，其中包括人力资源、财政、采购单、制造计划、库存及销售等，竞争动