中小企业银行业务的国际趋势

中小企业银行业务的国际趋势GlobalTrendsinSMEBanking中国天津2007年6月20日，21日Tianjin,China,20th/21stJune2007托尼李斯格国际金融公司全球金融市场部征信发展首席金融专家TonyLythgoePrincipalFinancialSpecialist,IFCGlobalFinancialMarkets2国际金融公司（IFC）的全球中小企业银行业务基准调查项目IFCsGlobalSMEBenchmarkingProject•IFC首创的针对中小企业银行业务的最佳实践基准研究PioneerIFCinitiativetobenchmarkbestpracticesinSMEBanking–目的－－明确中小企业银行业务的关键成功因素，找出业绩表现与商业模式、流程和工具之间的联系Goal-toidentifykeysuccessfactorsinSMEBankingandhighlightlinksbetweenperformanceandbusinessmodels,processesandtools–调查对象包括了五个经合组织国家和六个新兴市场国家的良好实践银行Exerciseincludesgoodpracticebanksin5OECDand6emergingmarket(EM)countries–11家调查银行的选择基于IFC对中小企业银行这一行业的了解PanelbankswereselectedbasedonIFC’sinternalknowledgeoftheSMEBankingsectorinthemarketsinvolved3国际金融公司的全球中小企业银行业务基准调查项目IFCsGlobalSMEBenchmarkingProject•目标Objective–给参与项目的银行提供了一个有价值的机会：Provideparticipatingbankswithavaluableopportunityto:(i)将自身实践与行业内的顶级机构进行比较benchmarkitspracticesagainstothertopinstitutionsintheindustryand(ii)为IFC履行其发展职能提供支持，帮助IFC在全球范围内提高各国对中小企业银行业务成功因素的认识，并与其它领先者一起促进中小企业银行业务在新兴市场的发展supportIFCinitsdevelopmentmissiontoraiseglobalawarenessofthesuccessfactorsinSMEBankingaswellaspromoteSMEBankinginemergingmarketsalongsideotherleadingplayers–提高IFC技术援助工作的设计水平，为IFC的客户和合作伙伴带来更大的价值AddvaluetoIFC’sclientsandpartnersthroughenhanceddesignofIFC’stechnicalassistanceadvisorywork4•方法Methodology–定性基准研究：对每一家参与项目的银行进行为期两天的银行访谈，与其讨论它们面临的主要挑战、成功驱动因素和为客户提供的独特价值Qualitativebenchmarkingstudy:carriedoutthrough2-daybankinterviewstodiscusskeychallenges,successdriversanduniquevaluepropositionofeachparticipantbank–定量基准：定量数据来自于调研得到的信息和各银行提供的数据表Quantitativebenchmarks:gatheredthroughsurveysanddatatablessubmittedbythebanks–调查问卷的设计延用了IFC中小企业业务诊断工具箱的分析框架（见接下来的幻灯片）SurveysquestionnairesweredesignedusingtheframeworkofassessmentdevelopedinIFC’sSMEDiagnosticToolkit(seenextslide)–共收集了17份问卷，其中10份为针对小企业银行业务的，7份为针对中型企业银行业务的Atotalof17surveysweresubmitted:10smallbusiness(SB)surveysand7mid-market(MM)surveys•项目成果ProjectOutput–已经形成了保密报告，仅提供给参与项目的机构Confidentialbenchmarkingreportrestrictedtoparticipatinginstitutionsonly国际金融公司的全球中小企业银行业务基准调查项目IFCsGlobalSMEBenchmarkingProject5评估框架：基于IFC中小企业银行业务评估指南FrameworkofAssessment:basedonIFCSMEBankingCHECK包括五个方面的全面分析框架：–市场细分和商业模式–产品–销售和分销渠道–信贷风险管理–信息技术和管理信息系统评估产品:–诊断报告•摘要•银行的财务表现•差距分析•基准和评级–改善建议–技术援助建议书State-of-the-art(SOTA)Bank研究对象银行对比群体CreditRiskManagement-ManagementandOrganizationFormativeEmergingDevelopedStateOftheArtOrganizationofCreditRiskFunctionNocentralizedriskmanagementfunction.Lendingproductsarestructured,marketedandcreditapplicationsarepackagedatthebranch-level.Thereisnosegregationbetweenmarketingandriskfunctions.Finaldecisionismadefrequentlyatthebranchlevel,inspiteoftherisk-takingcapabilitiesatthebranchlevelbeingpoor.Sothecreditdecisionqualityreliesmainlyonthebranchmanagerskills,withstrongvarianceamongbranches.Increasingcentralizedcontrol,althoughonlyattheregionallevel.Segregationbetweenriskandmarketingisstillpoor,asregionalhubsarestillprimarilyresponsibleforvolume.Riskmanagementistotallyindependentfromoperations.Itiscentralized,butstillnotattheinstitutionlevel(eachactivity/subsidiaryhasadistinctriskmanagementstructure,withoutenoughcoordination;market,operationalandcreditrisksarenotcoveredbythesameunitorwithoutenoughcoordination).Theriskfunctionismanagedbyafullyautonomousdepartment,reportingtotheCEO.ThedepartmentHeadisatthesamehierarchylevelastheotheroperatingHeads.ItiscentralizedattheHQandhasabsolutecontrolofdesigningandmaintainingcreditpolicy,proceduresandtools.Itcoversmarket,operationalandcreditrisk.ItincludesSMESpecialistswhospecificallylookafterSMEcreditapplications.CreditRiskManagement–CreditUnderwritingFormativeEmergingDevelopedStateOftheArtApprovalCriteriaClientapplicationformsarenotstandardized.Creditdecisionisnotbasedonobjectivefinancialanalysisoftheborrower:itisbasedonlyonthevalueofthecollateralsandonthenameoftheborrower,whoismostoftenwellknownattheBank’sexecutivemanagementlevel.Thefinancialanalysisisacademic:clients’financialsarecollectedandanalyzed.Howevertheanalysisfocusesontheborrower’snetworthratherthanonitspresentandfuturecash-flows.Financialanalysisstillnotcriticalinthedecision-makingprocess.Clientdatagatheringisfacilitatedbystandardizedapplicationforms.Clients’financialsarespreadoutintheBank’sinternalstandardformat.Collateralisnottheprimarydecision-makingelement.Financialanalysisandclientrelationship,inconjunctionwithexternalcredit-reportingdatabaseswhereavailable,arethedecision-makingelements.Analysisfocusesonunderstandingtheborrower’srepaymentcapacity,andincaseofpoorreliableinformationitiscross-checkedbasedonagoodunderstandingoftheborrower’sbusiness.Creditdecisionisbasedonpre-establishedacceptancecriteria.Theytakeintoaccountfinancialandqualitativeinformation(suchassuccessionrisk,etc.),onthecompanyandonthebusiness-owner(s)andhis/her/theirfamily,andfinallycredit-reportinginformation,withdifferentweightingdependingontheclient’ssizeandexposure.Totalexposureofeconomicgroupsorsectoristakenintoaccountbeforegrantingloans.TheBankcangroupallcompaniesbelongingtothesameowner.资产质量Governa