美国文学简史

《美国文学简史》考试要点：三、诗歌鉴赏2个P23作者：PhilipFreneau诗歌名：TheWildHoneySuckle主题：词的象征意义：P98作者：EmilyDickinson诗歌名：MyLifeClosedTwiceBeforeItsClose主题：词的象征意义：P99作者：EmilyDickinson诗歌名：WildNights主题：词的象征意义：P191作者：WilliamCarlosWilliams诗歌名：TheRedWheelbarrow主题：词的象征意义：P205作者：E.E.Cummings诗歌名：aleaffallsloneliness主题：词的象征意义作者、诗歌名、主题、词的象征意义四、名词解释1清教主义isadominantfactorinAmericanlife,ittakesacodeofvalues,aphilosophyoflife,andapointofview,andwasoneofthemostenduringshapinginfluencesinAmericanthoughtandAmericanliterature.2意象主义itasreactiontothetraditionalEnglishpoeticswithitsiambicpentameter,itsverbosity,andextra-poeticpadding,butitserved,firstandforemost,tomeettheneedofexpressingthetemperoftheage.thesenseoffragmentationanddislocation.3自然主义evolvedfromrealismwhentheauthor’stoneinwritingbecomeslessseriousandlesssympatheticbutmoreironicandmorethanagloomyphilosophicalapproachtoreality,ortohumanexistence.4乡土文学asatrendfirstmadeitspresencefeltinthelate1860sandearlyseventies.Localcoloristconcernedthemselveswithpresentingandinterpretingthelocalcharacteroftheirregions.Theytendedtoidealizeandglorify,buttheyneverforgottokeepanageonthetruthfulcoloroflocallifetheultimateaimofthelocalcoloristsistocreatetheillusionofanindigenouslittleworldwithqualitiesthattellitapartfromtheworldoutside.5现实主义asaliterarymovementrealismcameinthelatehalfofthenineteenthcenturyasareactionagainstthelieofromanticismandsentimentalismitexpressedtheconcernfortheworldofexperienceofthecommonplaceandforthefamiliarandthelow.6超验主义(Transcendentalism):NewEnglandTranscendentalismisveryimportanttoAmericanliterature,pushingAmericanRomanticismintoasummit.Transcendentalistsarenotquitehappyaboutthematerialistic-orientedlifeoftheirtimeandtheyreactedagainstthefaithofBostonbusinessmenandthecold,rigidrationalismofUnitarianism.Inessence,transcendentalismisidealism.7冰山理论(IcebergTheory):Ifawriterknowsenoughaboutwhatheiswritingabout,hemayomitthingsthatheknowsandthereader,ifthewriteriswritingtrulyenough,willhaveafeelingofthoseasstronglyasthoughthewriterhadsaidthem.Thedignityofthemovementofanicebergisduetoonlyone-eighthofitbeingabovewater.8迷茫的一代(TheLostGeneration):ThelostgenerationisatermcoinedbyGertrudeStein.ItisalabelforthegroupofAmericanyoungexpatriatewritersbornattheturn20thcenturyandreachedmaturityafterWorldWarⅠ.Thesewritersfeltprofoundcutofffromtradition,disillusionedandalienatedwithsocietyandcynicalidealism.Tothem,lifeismeaninglessandfutile.F.ScottFitzgerald,ErnestHemingwayandT.S.Eliotarethemostimportantrepresentatives.9海明威式主人公(TheTypicalHemingway):ThetypicalHemingwayheroisonewho,woundedbutstrong,moresensitiveandwoundedbecausestronger,enjoysthepleasuresoflife(sex,alcohol,sport)infaceofruinanddeathandmaintains,throughsomenotionofacode,anidealofhimself.10福克纳(WilliamFaulkner):1.FatherofAmericansouthernliterature.2.PoineerofAmericanstream11约克纳帕塔法(Yoknapatawpha):TheYoknapatawphaCountySerieshaveanoverallpatterninwhichthefateofaruinedhomelandalwaysfocusonthecollisionofFaulkner’sintelligent,sensitiveandidealisticprotagonistwiththesocietyofthe20thcentury.Mostofthemajorthemesaretheconfrontation.五、简答3个浪漫主义特征（3）Features:1.Imitativeness.ThusAmericanRomanticismwasinawayderivative:AmericanromanticwritingwassomeofthemmodeledonEnglishandEuropeanworks.2.Uniqueness.ItwasdifferentfromitsEnglishandEuropeancounterpartbecauseitoriginatedfromanamalgamoffactorsthatwerealtogetherAmericanratherthananythingelse.Americanromanticismwasinessencetheexpressionof“arealnewexperience”andcontained“analienquality”forthesimplereasonthat“thespiritoftheplace”wasradicallynewandalien.ThenthereisAmericanPuritanismasaculturalheritagetoconsider.AmericanmoralvalueswereessentiallyPuritan.PublicopinionwasoverwhelminglyPuritan;thePuritanatmosphereofthenationpredominantlyconditionedsociallifeandculturaltastes.AmericanRomanticauthorstendedmoretomoralizethantheirEnglishandEuropeanbrothers.3.Newness.Self-reliantindividualism(realizationofindividualvalues).Idealism(Americandream).Insummary,asalogicalresultoftheforeignandnativefactorsatwork,AmericanRomanticismwasbothimitativeandindependent.惠特曼、狄金森诗歌异同Similarities：1.Thematically,bothextolled,intheirdifferentways,anemergentAmerica,itsexpansion,itsindividualism,anditsAmericanness.2.Intechnicalterms,bothaddedtotheliteraryindependenceofthenewnationbybreakingfreeoftheconventionoftheiambicpentameterandexhibitingafreedominformunknownbefore.Differences:1.DickinsondiffersfromWhitmaninavarietyofways.Foronething,Whitmanseemstokeephiseyeonsocietyatlarge;Dickinsonexplorestheinnerlifeoftheindividual.(Pointofview:Whitman:outerworld,society;Dickinson:innerlife)2.Informaltermsthetwopoetsarevastlydifferent:Whitman’sendless,all-inclusivecatalogscontrastwiththeconcise,direct,andsimpledictionandsyntaxwhichcharacterizeDickinson’spoetry.(Tone:Whitman:passionate;Dickinson:subtle)超验主义特征（内容）ThemajorfeaturesofNewEnglandTranscendentalismcanebesummarizedasfollows：First,theTranscendentalistsplacedemphasisonspirit,ortheOversoul,asthemostimportantthingintheuniverse.Secondly,theTranscendentalistsstressedtheimportanceoftheindividual.Tothemthein