法律英语中的拉丁单词

abinitio（自始，例：voidabinitio自始无效）fromthebeginningadhoc（特别；特定；为某一目的特设，例：ahhoccommittee特设委员会；临时委员会；专门委员会）forthispurposeadlitem（专为某一诉讼目的；例：agentadlitem诉讼代理人）forthelawsuitafortiori（更加，更不必说）accordingtoWebster:withgreaterreasonormoreconvincingforce--usedindrawingaconclusionthatisinferredtobeevenmorecertainthananother.Example:Ifitisaviolationofthesendingstate'srightstoarrestitsconsularofficial,thenafortioriitwouldbeaviolationtoarrestitsambassador.aposteriori（经验的；归纳的；后验的）fromeffecttocause;fromparticulartogeneral;inductive(basedonobservationorexperience).apriori（先验的；演绎的）fromcausetoeffect;fromgeneralizationtoparticular;deductive;presupposedbyorreasoningfromself-evidentpropositions(basedontheoryratherthanpractice).amicuscuriae（法庭之友）friendofthecourt;apersonwithastronginterestinorviewsonthesubjectmatterofagivenlegalactionmaypetitionthecourtforpermissiontofileabrief,ostensiblyonbehalfofapartybutactuallytosuggestarationaleconsistentwithitsownviews.Suchamicuscuriaebriefsarecommonlyfiledinappealsconcerningmattersofabroadpublicinterest.Example:NPCofIranv.M/TStoltSheafcasecontralegem（违反法律）againstthelaw(termusedtodescribeanequitabledecisionofacourtortribunalthatiscontrarytothelawgoverningthecontroversy.Suchadecisionwouldnotnormallybepermittedunlessthetribunalhadbeenempoweredtoactexaequoetbono).Asopposedtointralegem.defacto（事实；事实上）infact(asopposedtoinlaw,dejure)delegeferenda（根据拟议法）whatthelawoughttobe(asopposedtowhatthelawis,lexlata).delegelata（根据现行法）whatthelawis(asopposedtowhatthelawoughttobe,delegeferenda).dejure（法理上；法律上）inlaw(asopposedtoinfact,defacto).dolusspecialis（特殊目的）specialintent.Ininternationalhumanitarianlaw,genocideisconsidereduniquebecauseofthespecialintenttodestroyinwholeorinpart,anational,ethnic,racialorreligiousgroup.ergaomnes（对所有国家；普遍适用；对国际社会整体。例：obligationergaomnes对国际社会整体的义务；对世义务）towardallwrongfulactsthatharmeveryoneandnotsimplyoneinjuredparty)exaequoetbono（根据公允及善意原则；本着公平与正义的精神）ajudgmentbasedonconsiderationsoffairness,notonconsiderationsofexistinglaw.Suchajudgmentisrenderedbesideoragainstthelaw(praeterlegemorcontralegem),notwithinthelaw(infralegemorintralegem).Example:Article38(2)oftheI.C.J.StatutepermitstheCourttorenderajudgmentonthesegroundsexpropriomotu（出于自愿的；出自本意的）onitsownaccord.expropriovigore（由于本身的力量）byitsownstrength/ofitsownforce.Alaworatreatymaybebindingexpropriovigore,oronitsown.Ifaninternationallawisnotbindingexpropriovigoreindomesticlaw,thenlegislativeactionisneeded.Atreatythatrequiresdomesticlegislationisreferredtoasanon-self-executingtreaty.forumconveniens（便利法庭；合适的裁判地）convenientforum.Thecourtisconvenienttohearacaseandhasjurisdiction.Thedoctrineofforumnonconveniens(inconvenientforum)allowsacourttorefursetoadjudicateacaseongroundsofinconvenience.forumnonconveniens（不便利法庭；非方便裁判地）inconvenientforum.inparidelicto（同等过错；互有过失）equallywrong.Onepartyisasmuchatfaultastheopposingparty.inparimateria（以相同方式）onlikesubjectmatter;samemanner.typicallyusedinregardstostatuteswhichrelatethesamethingorperson.inpersonam（对人）againsttheperson.Jurisdictionoverthepersonofanindividual.inrem（对物）“inathing”.Inalawsuit,anactioninremisdirectedtowardssomespecificpieceofproperty,instatunascendi（在新生状态/初始状态/原初状态中）initsoriginalform/inbirthstatus/beingjustborn.Underinternationallaw,thistermgenerallyisusedtorefertoanascentstateorapoliticalentityseekingrecognitionofstatehood.Italsoisusedtorefertoemergentlaws,rules,orprinciplesofcustomaryinternationallaw.interalia（在其他事项外；此外）amongotherthings.intralegem（法内）withinthelaw(termusedtodescribeanequitabledecisionofacourtortribunalthatisconsistentwiththerulesoflawgoverningthecontroversy).Asopposedtocontralegem.interarmasilentleges(战争的时候无法律可言；战时法律暂停生效)intimeofwar,thelawsaresilentipsofacto（根据事实本身；事实使然）bythefact(oract)itself.ipsojure（依照法律；根据法律）bythelawitselfjus（法；权利）laworthebodyoflawjusadbellum（诉诸战争权）RighttoWar.Whenandunderwhatconditionsiswareverjustifiable?Jusadbellumsetstheboundariesfortheuseofforce.Warwasdenouncedinthe1919CovenantoftheLeagueofNationsandthe1928TreatyofParis(Briand-KelloggPact).TheUNCharteradoptedin1945states:AllMembersshallrefrainintheirinternationalrelationsfromthethreatoruseofforceagainsttheterritorialintegrityorpoliticalindependenceofanystate,orinanyothermannerinconsistentwiththePurposesoftheUnitedNations.Article2(4).TheCharterauthorizestheuseofforceinselfdefense.Article51.SeeChapterVIIandChapterVIIIformoreprovisions.Comparejusadbellum(righttouseforce)withjusinbello(conductduringwar).juscivile（市民法）lawcreatedwithineachcountry.JuscivileisoneoftwocategoriesoflawinformalRomanlaw,alongwithjusgentium.juscogens（强制性法规；强制法；绝对法）compellinglaw,peremptoryprinciplesofinternationallawthatcannotbeoverridenbyspecifictreatiesbetweencountries;thatis:normsthatadmitofnoderogation;theyarebindingonallstatesatalltimes(e.g.,prohibitionsonaggression,slavery,andgenocide)..jusgentium（万民法）lawofpeoplesorlawoftribes,abodyoflawdevelopedbyaRomanpraetorperegrinus;appliedtonon-RomansintheEmpireandtodealingsbetweenRomansandnon-Romans.JusgentiumisoneoftwocategoriesoflawinformalRomanlaw,alongwithjuscivile.jusgentiumprivatum（