Outline-for-review

Outlineforreview•Unit1•--whatisinterculturalcommunication?P11•--differentviewsregardinginterculturalcommunicationp12•Unit2•--whatisculture?P39-40•--culturalmetaphorsp44;•--characteristicsofculturep45-48;•--threemeaningsincommunication;p56-57rewritethesentences.•Unit3•--friendshipindifferentculturesp81-82•--familystructureindifferentculturesp83-84•--KluckhohnandStrodtbeck’smodelp85-89.p90;•--Hofstede’sfiveculturaldimensions.P100-105tablesp106-110•--high-contextcultureandlow-contextculturep110-115•--proverbsandculturalvalues.P90-91•--confucianculturalpatternsp91-93;•Unit4•--interpretationofcolortermsp124;•--theSapir-WhorfHypothesisp146•--languageandculturep128-132•Unit5•--analyzethedialoguesp170-172;•--cross-culturalverbalcommunicationstylesp179-183•Unit6•--classificationofnon-verbalcommunication•--bodylanguage;p192-199,p200;•Unit7•--thelanguageofspacep239-243;•--Homeinvariousculturesp245-246;•--culturalconceptsoftimep253-257•Unit8•--readingp265-268;•--ethnocentrismandethnorelativismp272-276;•--stereotypeandprejudicep292-295Explainthemeaningofeachproverbandtellwhichtimeculturetheyrepresent?•1.Timehealsallwounds.•2.Hastemakeswaste.•3.Theearlybirdscatchestheworm.•4.Astitchintimesavesnine.•5.Adaylateandadollarshort.conclusion•Stereotypes:asetofoversimplifiedbeliefs•Prejudice:whentheydevelopintoarigidattitude•Discrimination:biasedaction•Fourdimensionsofstereotypes:p293•Fivecommonformsofprejudice:p293•Causesofprejudice:p289-290•Empathycanhelpovercomestereotypeandprejudice•Whatisethnocentrism民族优越感?P272-273Differentdegreesofethnocentrism:p274-275•Whatisethnorelativism民族相对主义?p275ignorancestereotypeprejudicediscriminationethnocentrismLimitedexposuretoforeignculturesReinforcementMoreexperienceRealisticunderstandingethnorelativisminsecurityCultureandrelationshipdevelopment•Yumclassifiedfivecategoriesofrelationshippattern:•Particularismvs.universalism•Long-termvs.short-term•Ingroupvs.outgroup•Formalvs.informal•Personalvs.publicrelationships•Particularism•Differencesinage,sex,role,orstatusaremaximized,mutualityandinterdependencyareencouraged•Universalism•Followgeneralandobjectiverulesthatareappliedtovariousrelationships.•PrinciplesoffairnessandequalityParticularism/universalismLong-term/shortterm•Long-term•Asymmetrical不对称的andreciprocal互惠的obligation•Feelindebtedtoothers,returnthefavor•Shortterm•Considercomplementary补充的relationshipathreattofreedomandautonomy.Ingroup/outgroup•ingroup•Fivetypesofingroupmembers:•Bloodrelationship•Demographicrelationship•Colleaguerelationships•Teacher-studentrelationship•Classmaterelationships•outgroup•BoundarybetweeningroupandoutgroupisnotsoclearchangefrequentlyFormal/informalrelationship•formal•Vertical垂直的culture•Relyongo-between中间人媒介toinitiateanewrelationshiporresolveproblems•informal•Horizontal水平的culture•DirectcontactPersonal/publicrelationship•personal•overlapping•Goodpublicrelationshipisestablishedafteragoodpersonalrelationship•public•Separate•Privacy,individualism,autonomy,self-relianceTheimpactofConfucianismoncommunication•Confucianism’sprimaryconcernwithsocialrelationshiphasstronglyinfluencedcommunicationpatternsinEastAsia.•Processvs.outcomeorientedcommunication--smalltalksbeforeinitiatingbusinessandtocommunicatepersonalisedinformation--outcomeismoreimportantthantheprocess.Tangible切实的outcomesintermsoffriendsgained,opponentsdefeatedandself-fulfillmentachievedbecometheprimaryconcern•Differentiatedvs.lessdifferentiatedlinguisticcodes•EastAsianlanguagesareverycomplexandaredifferentiated分型化accordingtosocialstatus,thedegreeofintimacy,age,sex,andthelevelofformality.Theyresultformconfucianethicalrulesthatplacethehighestvalueonproperhumanrelationships.(e.g.chi,you)•Indirectvs.directcommunication•Theconfucianlegacyofconsiderationforothersandconcernforproperhumanrelationshiphasleadtothedevelopmentofcommunicationpatternthatpreserveoneanother’sface.•Indirectcommunicationhelpstopreventtheembarrassmentofrejectionbytheotherpersonordisagreementamongpartners,leavingtherelationshipandeachother’sfaceintact.•Mediatedcommunication(askingsomeoneelsetotransmitthemessage)•Refractedcommunication(talkingtoathirdpersoninthepresenceofthehearer)•Actingasadelegate(conveyingone’smessageasbeingfromsomeoneelse)•E.gtosuggestpeopleclosethedoor.•Receivervs.sendercenteredness•Meaningisintheinterpretation,emphasisonlistening,sensitivity•Meaningisthemessagescreatedbythesender,emphasisisonhowtoformulatethebestmessages,howtoimprovesourcecredibilityanddeliveryskills.CulturalDimensions•High/lowcontext(highlycontextual,implicit含蓄的wayofcommunicatingvs.lowcontextualandexplicit明确的wayofcommunicatingthroughverbalmessages)conclusion•Individualswhoengageinlow-contextpatternsofcommunicationpreferdirectverbalstyle,person-orientedlanguageusage,self-enhancement,andtalkativenessinorderto“getacquainted”.•Individualswhoengageinhigh-contextpatternsofinteractionpreferindirectverbalstyle,status-orientedlanguageusage,self-effacement,andsilenceinordertogaugethesituationandthestanger.recommendations•Sensitivetotheculturalbeliefsandvaluesthatunderlie