英语畅谈中国文化复习资料翻译

SummaryThepassagediscussesConfucius’theoryofcultivatingone’sbehaviortowardfamilyandsociety.Itbeginswiththeintroductionofhistoricalbackgroundofhistime–theSpringandAutumnPeriod.Itexperiencedadramaticchangeofsocialsystemandprolongedchaosandfighting.Asaresult,theculturaltraditioninheritedfromancienttimeswascorrupted.Confuciuswantedtorestorethegreattraditionabandoned(抛弃)bypeopleandestablishedharmonioussocialrelationshipsamongpeople.Torealizethis,Confuciusproposedself-cultivationwiththestartingpointfromfeelingstoparents.Thefeelingsarenourishedandcultivatedintofamilyreverence.Theloveforparentsextendstootherpeopleasonebeginsto《论语》是儒家学派的经典著作(classics)之一，该书记录了（records）孔子及其弟子的言行，传授儒家的主要思想（centraltheme）：仁、义(righteousness)、礼、智，其中仁是儒家的核心价值观（kernelvalue）。仁是指爱父母和敬长兄，如果这种对家庭成员的情感伸延(extendto)到社会的其他人身上，人与人之间和睦关系也就建立起来了。TheAnalectsisoneoftheConfucianclassics.ThebookrecordsthesayingsandbehavioursofConfuciusandhisdisciples.ItteachesthecentralthemeofConfucianismincludinghumaneness,righteousness,propriety,andwisdom,ofwhichhumanenessisConfucius’kernelvalue.Humanenessistakenasloveforparentsandrespectforelderbrothers.Ifthefeelingsforfamilymembersareextendedtootherpeopleinthesociety,harmoniousrelationshipsamongindividualswillbebuiltup.慕课脚本1、TheWisdomofConfuciusdiscussesthemostimportantschoolofChinesephilosophy—Confucianism—withthefocusonitscoreconceptsRenandLi.RenmeansgoodnessorbenevolenceandLimeansritualorpropriety.RenandLiwereadvocatedbyConfucius2500yearsagoforthepurposeofrestoringpoliticalorderofZhouDynasty.ThedoctrinehasexertedagreatinfluenceonChinesecultureeversince,fromcultivatingfilialpietyathome,togivinglovetoeverybody,untilkeepingsocialandpoliticalorderinacountry.WithRenandLi,Chinesecultureischaracterizedbyharmonyandequilibrium,buildingharmoniousrelationshipsbetweenhumanandnature,betweenanyindividuals,andkeepingequilibriumsocially,economicallyandpolitically.ThatisConfuciuswisdomandthatistheessenceoftraditionalChinesethinking.在《道德经》中，老子建立了以“道”为核心的哲学体系。老子提出的“道”是“非常道”。他认为宇宙万物均起源于“道”，道具有无为、相反、无形、无名、玄妙等特征。道家的许多原理(principles)已经成为中国人重要的理想准则(importantidealsandnorms),对于中国文化发展形成了重大影响。IntheDaoDeJing,LaoziestablishedaphilosophysystemcenteredonDao.HerefersDaoasinvariableandconstantDao.HeholdsthatDaoistheoriginofthecosmosandthatDaoischaracterizedbynon-action,opposition,shapelessness,namelessness,obscurity,etc.ManyDaoistprincipleshavealreadybeenChinesepeople’simportantidealsandnormsandhaveexertedaprofoundinfluenceonthedevelopmentofChineseculture.一般情况下，汉字是由十几种基本笔画构成的。笔画和大多数欧洲语言的字母作用类似，只是笔画之间无法构成“音节”。汉字有八个基本的笔画：点、横、折、竖、钩、提、撇、捺。在一个小小的方形空间中，将笔画组合成字时，必然要采取数量不等的笔画以及各种各样的连接和排列方式，以求使字形易识而又简洁。于是在这方形空间里，各式笔画就采取了上下、左右、分合、交叉、穿插、重叠、堆积、包裹等组合方式。Chinesecharacters,ingeneral,arecomposedofadozenbasicstrokes,whichhavesimilarfunctionstothelettersoftheWesternlanguages.Buttheydonotcombinesoundsintosyllables.Thereareeightbasicstrokes:dot,horizontalstroke,turningstroke,verticalstroke,hookstroke,right-upwardstroke,left-downwardstrokeandright-downwardstroke.Inasmallsquarespace,charactersarecomposedofdifferentstrokeslinkedandarrangedinvariousways,thustheyareeasytoberecognized,andlookneat.Thesestrokesareplacedinvariouspositionsinthesquare–upperorlower,leftorright,separateorlinked,crossed,goingthrough,overlapping,pilinguporsurrounding.(Para.5)一时礼毕，贾敬贾赦等便忙退出至荣府，专候与贾母行礼。尤氏上房地下，铺满红毡，当地放着象鼻三足泥鳅流金珐琅大火盆，正面炕上铺着新猩红毡子，设着大红彩绣云龙捧寿的靠背、引枕、坐褥，外另有黑狐皮的袱子搭在上面。Afterthisceremony,haJing,biaSheandtheothermenhurriedtotheRongMansion,wheretheywaitedtopaytheirrespectstotheLadyDowager.She,however,nowwenttoMadamYou'ssittingroom,thefloorofwhichwascoveredwitharedcarpetwherestoodalargegildedcloisonnebrazier,itsthreelegsintheformofelephanttrunks.Onthekangbythenorthwallwereanewcrimsonrugandredsilkback-restsandbolstersembroideredwith'DragonsintheClouds'designsandthecharacter'Longevity.'Onit,too,werespreadablackfox-skinandabigwhitefox-skinmattress.中国菜（Chinesecuisine）享誉世界，是世界美食的明珠。中国菜菜系繁多，烹饪方法也不尽相同。其四大要素——色、形、香、味，决定了菜品的好坏，也是判断其质量的标准。中国的南北方饮食也各具特色。北方菜以色艳味重取胜，最大的特点就是就地取材，讲究火候。南方有些地方的菜则口味清淡，注重保留食材的原始味道。Chinesecuisine,whichisworldfamous,isapearlofworldcuisine.Ithasvariousstylesofcookinganditscookingtechniquesarediverseaswell.Chinesecuisinefeaturesfourelements—color,shape,aromaandtaste.Thefourelementsdecidehowgoodadishisandarealsothecriteriaofjudgingitsquality.Thenorthernfoodsandsouthernfoodshavetheiruniquecharacteristics.Thenortherndishesattachgreatimportancetobrightcolorandstrongtaste,withthegreatestfeatureofusinglocalfoodmaterialsandcontrollingcookingtimeandtemperature.However,insomepartsofsouthernChina,thedishesfeaturelighttasteandremaintheoriginalflavorofthefoodmaterials.Miaojian庙见---payingavisittotheancestraltempleofthegroom’sfamilyclanMeetingparents-in-law认亲Returningtothebride’sparents’home三朝回门；归宁中国传统的婚礼流程从求婚开始，男方会送一封书信至女方家，请求迎娶他们家的女儿。多数情况下，男方家会雇用一位媒人沟通双方家庭。准新郎和准新娘的生辰八字也要进行比对，以确保不犯冲。如今，中国大城市的婚礼跟西方很相似。然而，有些小地方仍然遵循传统，婚礼流程也基本未变。TraditionalChineseweddingprocessstartswithaproposalofmarriageandaletterissentfromthegroomtothebride’sfamilyaskingforpermissiontomarrytheirdaughter.Inmanycases,amatchmakerisemployed