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定语从句一、基本概念:在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。如:Doyouknowthemanwhospokeatthemeetingjustnow?Thatisthehousewherehelivedtenyearsago.定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词;定语从句一般用关系代词或关系副词来引导,关系词放在先行词与定语从句之间起连接作用,同时又作从句中的一个成分。引导定语从句的关系代词有:that,who,whom,whose,which;关系副词有:when,where,why.二、关系词的用法:(一)关系代词的用法:1.作主语用who,which和that,如:Heisthemanwho/thatlivesnextdoor.Thetrainwhich/thathasjustleftisforShenzhen.2作宾语用whom,who,which,that,如:Theman(whom/who/that)wehavejustseenisafamouswriter.Whereisthebook(which/that)Iboughtlastweek?注:在非正式文体中,用于指人的关系代词whowhom,that通常可以省略,但在正式文体中通常用whom,不可省略;用于指物的关系代词which和that在非正式文体中也通常省略,但在正式文体中一般不省略。3.作定语用whose,如:(a)Heisthemanwhosecarwasstolenlastweek.(b)ItwasameetingwhoseimportanceIdidnotrealizeatthattime.注:“whose+名词中心词”这一结构在定语从句中既能作主语(如上a句),又能作宾语(如上b句)。whose的先行词常用来指人,但有时也可以用来指具体事物或抽象概念,这时可以与ofwhich结构互换,词序是:“名词+ofwhich”,如:Theycametoahousewhosebackwallhadbrokendown..(=thebackwallofwhich)He’swrittenabookthenameofwhichI’vecompletelyforgotten.(=whosename)4.作表语只用that,它既可以指人,也可以指物,但时常省略。如:Heisnolongerthemanthatheusedtobe.Thisisnolongerthedirtyplace(that)itusedtobe.(二)关系副词的用法:1.when指时间,在从句中作时间状语,它的先行词通常有:time,day,morning,night,week,year等。如:IstillrememberthetimewhenIfirstbecameacollegestudent.DoyouknowthedatewhenLincolnwasborn?注:when时常可以省略,特别是在某些句型和某些时间状语中。如:Eachtimehecame,hedidhisbesttohelpus.Buthelpneverstoppedcomingfromthedayshefellill.2.where指地点,在从句中作地点状语。它的先行词通常有:place,spot,street,house,room,city,town,country等,如:Thisisthehotelwheretheyarestaying.IforgetthehousewheretheSmithslived.注:where有时也可以省略。如:Thisistheplace(where)wemetyesterday.3.why指原因或理由,它的先行词只有reason。如:Thatisthereasonwhyheisleavingsosoon.注:why时常也可以省略。如:Thatistherealreasonhedidit.(三)使用关系副词应注意下列几点:1.这三个关系副词在意义上都相当于一定的介词+which结构:when=on(in,at,during…)+which;where=in(at,on…)+which;why=forwhich.如:IwasinBeijingonthedaywhen(=onwhich)hearrived.Theofficewhere(=inwhich)heworksisonthethirdfloor.Thisisthechiefreasonwhy(=forwhich)wedidit.2.当先行词是表时间的time,day等和表地点的place,house等时,一定要注意分析从句的结构,如果缺少主语或宾语时,关系词应该用which或that,缺少时间状语或地点状语时,才能用when或where,试比较:I’llneverforgetthedaywhenmyhometownwasliberated.I’llneverforgetthedayswhich/thatwespenttogetherlastsummer.Hisfatherworksinafactorywhereradiopartsaremade.Hisfatherworksinafactorywhich/thatmakesradioparts.3.when和where既可以引导限制性定语从句,也可以引导非限制性定语从句。而why只能引导限制性定语从句。三.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句1.限制性定语从句说明先行词的情况,对先行词起限定作用,与先行词关系十分密切,不可用逗号隔开,也不可省略,否则全句意义就不完整。如:Thisisthetelegramwhichherefersto.Isthereanything(that)Icandoforyou?2.非限制性定语从句只是对先行词作补充说明,没有限定作用,它与先行词的关系比较松散,因而不是关键性的,如果省略,原句的意义仍然完整。这种从句在朗读时要有停顿,在文字中通常用逗号与主句隔开。如:ThisnotewasleftbyTom,whowashereamomentago.Asaboy,hewasalwaysmakingthings,mostofwhichwereelectric.引导非限制性定语从句的关系词有:who,whom,whose,which,when和where,不可以用that和why。另外,非限制性定语从句从意义上讲,相当于一个并列句,在口语中使用并不普遍,在日常生活中,人们通常用并列句或简单句来表达。如:ItoldthestorytoJohn,wholaterdidittohisbrother.=ItoldthestorytoJohn,andhelatertoldittohisbrother.YesterdayIhappenedtoseeJohn,whowaseagertohaveatalkwithyou.=YesterdayIhappenedtoseeJohnandhewaseagertohaveatalkwithyou.3.两种定语从句的内涵不同,限制性定语从句具有涉他性,而非限制性定语从句具有唯一性,这在理解和翻译时应特别注意。试比较:Allthebooksthere,whichhavebeautifulpicturesinthem,werewrittenbyhim.Allthebookstherethathavebeautifulpicturesinthemwerewrittenbyhim.Hisbrother,whoiseighteenyearsold,isaPLAman.(只有一个)HisbrotherwhoisaPLAmaniseighteenyearsold.(不止一个)4.有时,非限制性定语从句所修饰的不是某一个词,而是整个主句或是主句中的一个部分,这时一般采用which或as来引导。如:Hepassedtheexam,which/ashehopedhewould.注:(1)as引导的从句可以放在主句之前,而which引导的从句只能放在主句之后。Theyarehollow,whichmakesthemverylight.Asisknowntoall,TaiwanisapartofChina.(2)从意义上讲,which指前面主句的内容;而as指代的是作为一般人都知道的常识性的东西,因此常译成“就象……那样”。(3)如果定语从句的内容对主句的内容起消极作用,则用which,而不用as,如:Shestoleherfriend’smoney,whichwasdisgraceful.Hetoreupmyphoto,whichupsetme.5.在正式文体中,以theway为先行词的限制性定语从句通常以inwhich或that引导,如:Thewayinwhichyouansweredthequestionswasadmirable.但在非正式文体中,人们通常省略inwhich或that:Theway(inwhich)hespoketouswassuspicious.Idon’tliketheway(that)youlaughather.四.关系词的选择1.在非限制性定语从句中,关系代词作主语,只能用who指人,which指物;关系代词做宾语,常用whom(口语中有时用who)指人,which指物,它们都不能用that代替。2.关系代词作介词宾语,不论是在限制性定语从句中,还是在非限制性定语从句中,当介词前置时,只能用whom指人,which指物;但如果介词后置,则不受这种限制,关系代词还可以省去,特别是在口语中。如:Doyouknowtheboytowhomshewastalking?Doyouknowtheboy(that)shewastalkingto?Thepencil(which/that)hewaswritingwithsuddenlybroke.3.在限制性定语从句中,当先行词指物时,关系词可用which或that,二者常可以互换;但在下列情况中,只能用that,不用which:(1)当先行词是all,alot,(a)little,few,much,none,anything,something,everything,nothing等词时。如:Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.InthisfactoryIsawlittle/muchthatwasdifferentfromours.(2)当先行词被all,anyno,much,little,few,every等限定词所修饰时。如:Weheardclearlyeverywordthathesaid.(3)当先行词是序数词或被序数词所修饰时。如:Thefirstthingthatshouldbedoneistogetthetickets.WhenpeopletalkaboutHangzhou,thefirstthatcomestomindistheWestLake.(4)当先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级所修饰,以及先行词被序数词和形容词最高级同时修饰时,如:Isthatthebestthatyoucando?That’sthemostexpensivehotelthatwe’veeverstayedin.ThisnovelisthesecondbestonethatIhaveeverread.(5)当先行词被thevery,theonly,thenext,thelast等所修饰时。如:ThisistheverybookthatIwanttofind.(6)当先行词为指人和指物的两个并列名词词组时。如:TheguestsspokehighlyofthechildrenandtheirperformancesthattheysawattheChildren’sPalace.Shedescribedinhercompositionsthepeopleandplacesth
本文标题:定语从句的用法
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