物流管理供应链过程的一体化5

5519912(GDP)11.7%5-1GDP5-1(1991)//GDP(%)4835411.2*3455014.5*631015.9*941212.8336334010.12833512.445613.340820.0*1482013.5486453511.01642012.21932513.01251612.81301511.5120014011.7156618511.857814.06116.742614.3115114512.62863512.21061413.259813.65276412.12373012.72283013.2101512412.2709286612.25937011.82083014.4567365811.6647475811.718430215911.7*19911990InternationalFinancialStatistics,Washington,D.C.,InternationalMonetaryFund.9855-15-1()()99(ROA)80()(EC92)(NAFTA)5-1(DeanFoods)(Ohmae)5-27504()4(CNN)(USAToday)1=1.6091005-21989(FOB)GDP199019801990198019901980199019901990////(%)(%)(%)2751.05256.06417.064744512.01483.01330.59504380.516137.016856.07092/4071.01820.01870.01616453.0942.5930.03681263.01325.01030.018529031.57919.57658.0486452451.534855.536075.520094AdaptedfromOECDEconomicSurveys(country),Paris:OrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment,Annual;WorldTradeAnnual;andUnitedNationsStatisticalOfficeAnnual.Adidas9355()51.(UnitedStatesExport-ImportBank)(InternationalMonetaryMarket,IMM)IMMIMM1972198710170IMM3002.80()UPS190UPS(one-stop)EC92102310%~15%1998YellowFreightCarolinaFreight199519995-25-2()103905-3(1988%)1.61.82.21.83.84.815.513.67.29.116.916.418.421.423.722.12.53.84.08.79.08.921.521.90.23.82.54.94.62.914.314.10.01.36.66.50.30.71.11.00.63.57.97.00.00.10.40.13.22.07.86.50.37.24.48.55.75.86.97.92.73.93.14.50.50.83.32.74.04.48.68.92.23.24.64.84.54.17.57.10.02.50.02.50.92.05.05.3DrusillaK.BrownandRobertM.Stern,AModelingPerspective,inPerspectivesonUnitedStates-CanadianFreeTradeAgreement,eds.RobertM.Stern,PhilipH.Trezise,andJohnWhalley,Washington,D.C.:TheBrookingsInstitute,1987.5-35-4104NAFTAEC925-4(%)(%)20.010.07.04.920.016.420.017.720.0/20.010.020.02.220.0100GATT()UnitedStatesCustomsService,TelephoneImterviewwithImportSpecialist,October1990;andUnitedStatesDepartmentofCommerce,MexicanTariffSchedules,1990.(GeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade,GATT)GATTGATT19488()!5%105()315%24D(Distance)(Documentation)(Diversityinculture)(Demandsofcustomers)4D1063(userestriction)(pricesurcharges)150(3200)3%5%50%20%1974(the1974LargeRetailStoresLaw)54008107ToysRUs3ToysRUs(companyism)ABB()Dow()ICI()Hoechst()()()12DowDowDow10855-35-312109(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)3(localmarketpresence)45-23M23411041234()198911(Canada-UnitedStatesFreeTradeAgreement,FTA)1998FTAFTA1501992(NorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement,NAFTA)199411111NAFTA15(Yukon)(Yucatan)NAFTA(1)(2)NAFTA4(Ontario)(Quebec)NAFTANAFTANAFTA(CanadianNationalRailway)3(BurlingtonNorthern)(NorfolkSouthern)(CanadianPacificLtd.)CP7(UnitedParcelService)(RoadwayPackageSystem)20(maquiladora)1999112(1)(2)(3)(1)(2)(3)(4)FTANAFTA()1957(EuropeanEconomicCommunity,EEC)(1973)(1981)(1985)EEC21960(EuropeanFreeTradeAssociation,EFTA)19911992EFTAEC(EEC)1991EFTA1985EC1992EC92(EuropeanCommunityIntegrationby1992)1992198712EC19991992ECECEC(SingleAdministrativeDocument,SAD)SADEDISAD1993ECECECEDIEC92EC9255-51133EC70%200060%ECEC450010()EC92ECECEC92EC5-3(Unisys)5-51.(1)(2)(3)(4)102.(1)()()(2)(3)(4)(5)3.(1)(2)(3)(4)114(5)(6)4.(1)(2)5.(1)(2)KevinA.OLaughlin,JamesCooper,andEricCabocel,ReconfiguringEuropeanLogisticsSystems,OakBrook,III,:TheCouncilofLogisticsManagement,1993,pp.7-15.()4198919905719926()(AseanFreeTradeArea,AFTA)5%19931153.12/320006~820102/3()1151.()3EC2.(EC)()56002005540116(1)(2)(3)(4)3~54~1060~903010~211EDI117EDI2(SKU)35-65-4ab5-6•()•()()()()••()•()•()•(5-4a)()(5-4b)(5-4c)435UPSTNT1185-4a)()1195-4b)()1205-4c)()121EDIEDI12244D(Distance)(Demand)(Diversity)(Documentation)-,5EC92NAFTAAFTAEC92ECNAFTA123(SKU)1241.2.3.4.5.6.EC92NAFTA7.8.9.10.M.(HowardM.Dean)23918()LoisTherrienandStephenBaker,MarketShareConLeche,BusinessWeek,SpecialEdition:ReinventingAmerica,1992,p.122125TetraPakElPaso1/32440%()1992(MinnesotaMiningandManufacturing,3M)681003M9050%3M326100558.93M3M199119926.6%3M21413M3M3MCanAmericanManufacturersCompeteoutsidetheU.S.?FinancialExecutive,September-October1990,pp.24-31;3MRunScared?ForgetaboutIt,BusinessWeek,September16,1991,p.59;andGoodtobeGreen,ManagementToday,February1989,pp.46-52.1263()50(EuropeanManagementActionTeams,EMATs)3M3M3M(1)(2)(3M3.9200)(3)(4)3MJIT3M3M903MEDI3M3M(totalqualityequalsnoloss)19753M3P(pollutionpreventionpays)3P3M3M()JamesAaronCooke,HowUnisysGotReadyforaUnifiedEurope,TrafficManagement,31:9,September1992,pp.45-48.127(Burroughs)(Sperry)87(Unisys)57011987(EDI)(VAT)UMPS(UnisysManufacturingPlanningSystem)UMPSMRPUMPS19885144(Seneffe)72761988704(BobMarshall)19921776()A(DuPontEngineeringPolymers,DEP)(TomLippet)(GradAutomotiveManufacturing,GARD)GARDGARDGARD(MikeOLeary)DEP6GARD(RichardBinish)35(Fortune500)JITMBAGARDGARD(OriginalEquipmentManufacturer,OEM)GARDGARD80/20GARD80203GARDGARDGARDGARDGARDGARDDEPGARD15DEPDEPGARDDEPDEPDEPDEPDEPGARDGARDDEPDEPDEPDEPDEPGARD129GARD10255GARD95%DEP96.2%33DEP89.7%96%396.5%DEP80%DEP6(AF)DEPDEP602515%DEPA-1(//)A-1ABCDEF6060%15%15%3~62~95~86~993%94.5%92%94%25%25%15%15%4~63~42~42~495%96%98%98.7%15%15%25%25%2~52~45~94~695.5%98%97.5%98.7%460%60%4~92~996.5%97%60%60%4~74~698.3%97%25%25%3~63~598.4%96%DEP1.A422.B421303.C424.D525.E626.F627.92DEPDEPDEP7DEPJITJIT6~8DEP()6DE