《英语教学法》名词解释

《英语教学法》名词解释P3Structuralview(结构主义语言理论）Thestructuralviewoflanguageseeslanguageasalinguisticsystemmadeupofvarioussubsystems:thesoundsystem(phonology);thediscreteunitsofmeaningproducedbysoundcombinations(morphology),andthesystemofcombiningunitsofmeaningforcommunication(syntax).Functionalview（功能主义语言理论）Thefunctionalviewnotonlyseeslanguageasalinguisticsystembutalsoameansfordoingthings.Inordertoperformfunctions,learnersneedtoknowhowtocombinethegrammaticalrulesandthevocabularytoexpressnotionsthatperformthefunctions.Interactionalview（交互语言理论）Theinteractionalviewconsiderslanguagetobeacommunicativetool,whosemainuseistobuildupandmaintainsocialrelationsbetweenpeople.P5-6Behaviouristtheory（行为主义理论）------SkinnerThekeypointofthetheoryofconditioningisthat＂youcantrainananimaltodoanything(withreason)ifyoufollowacertainprocedurewhichhasthreemajorstages,stimulus,response,andreinforcement＂.Cognitivetheory（认知理论）Chomskythinksthatlanguageisnotaformofbehaviour,itisanintricaterule-basedsystemandalargepartoflanguageacquisitionisthelearningofthissystem.Thereareafinitenumberofgrammaticalrulesinthesystemandwithaknowledgeoftheseaninfinitenumberofsentencescanbeproduced.Alanguagelearneracquireslanguagecompetencewhichenableshimtoproducelanguage.Constructivisttheory(建构主义理论)-------JohnDeweyTheconstructivisttheorybelievesthatlearningisaprocessinwhichthelearnerconstructsmeaningbasedonhis/herownexperiencesandwhathe/shealreadyknows.Socio-constructivisttheory(社会建构主义理论)Vygotskyemphasisesinteractionandengagementwiththetargetlanguageinasocialcontextbasedontheconceptof“ZoneofProximalDevelopment”(ZPD)andscaffolding.P18Linguisticcompetence（语言能力）----HedgeLinguisticcompetenceisconcernedwithknowledgeofthelanguageitself,itsformandmeaning.Pragmaticcompetence(语用能力)----HedgePragmaticcompetenceisconcernedwiththeappropriateuseofthelanguageinsocialcontext.Discoursecompetence(话语能力/语篇能力)----CanaleandSwainDiscoursecompetencereferstoone’sabilitytocreatecoherentwrittentextorconversationandtheabilitytounderstandthem.Strategiccompetence(策略能力)Strategiccompetencereferstostrategiesoneemployswhenthereiscommunicationbreakdownduetolackofresources.P86ErrorsAnerrorhasdirectrelationwiththelearners’languagecompetence.Errorsresultfromlackofknowledgeinthetargetlanguage.MistakesAmistakereferstoaperformanceerrorthatiseitherarandomguessoraslipoftongue,anditisafailureperformancetoaknownsystem.Mistakesresultfromcarelessnessandhesitation.P143Bottom-upmodel（自下而上的模式）Inthebottom-upmodel,listeningcomprehensionisbelievedtostartwithsoundandmeaningrecognitions.Inotherwords,“weuseinformationinthespeechitselftotrytocomprehendthemeaning”.Top-downmodel（自上而下的模式）Inthetop-downmodel,listeningforgistandmakinguseofthecontextualcluesandbackgroundknowledgetoconstructmeaningareemphasised.Inotherwords,listeningcomprehensioninvolves“knowledgethatalistenerbringstoatext,sometimescalled“insidethehead”information,asopposedtotheinformationthatisavailablewithinthetextitself”.